Microsoft Word alexicology doc
I. Consider your answers to the following
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English lexicology Лексикология
I. Consider your answers to the following.
1 . Which word in a synonymic group is considered to be the dominant synonym? What are its characteristic features? 2. Can the dominant synonym be substituted for certain other members of a group of synonyms? Is the criterion of interchangea- bitity applicable in this case? 1 For information on Hyponymy see Supplementary Material, p. 280. 219 V.: Do you want me to ride on the wrong side? P.: You are driving on the wrong side. V.: But you said that I was driving on the right side. P.: That is right. You are on the right, and that's wrong. V.: A strange country! If right is wrong, I'm right when I'm on the wrong side. So why did you stop me? P.: My dear sir, you must keep to the left. The right side is the left. V.: It's like a looking-glass! I'll try to remember. Well, I want to go to Bellwood. Will you kindly tell me the way? P.: Certainly. At the end of this road, turn left. V.: Now let me think. Turn left! In England left is right, and right is wrong. Am I right? P.: You'll be right if you turn left. But if you turn right, you'll be wrong. V.: Thank you. It's as clear as daylight. (After G. C. Thornley) 1 2. Flying instructors say that pilot trainees are divided into opti- mists and pessimists when reporting the amount of fuel during flights. Optimists report that their fuel tank is half full while pessimists say it's half empty. 3. The canvas homes, the caravans, the transportable timber frames — each had its light. Some moving, some still. 4. His words seemed to point out that sad, even, tragic things could never be gay. 5. It was warm in the sun but cool under the shady trees. 6. He is my best friend and he is my bitter enemy. 7. Every man has feminine qualities and every woman has masculine ones. 8. He hated to be ex- posed to strangers, to be accepted or rejected. 1 The text is borrowed from Look, Laugh and Learn to Speak by I. B. Vasilyeva, I. A. Kitenko, D. V. Menyajlo. L., 1970. CHAPTER 12 Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most west- ern scholars, represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language's vocabu- lary. If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and col- ours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nation's cus- toms, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales. Quotations from great poets are preserved here alongside the dubious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is not only the most colourful but probably the most democratic area of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the very depths of popular speech. And what a variety of odd and grotesque images, figures and per- sonalities one finds in this amazing picture gallery: dark horses, white elephants, bulls in china shops and green-eyed monsters, cats escap- ing from bags or looking at kings, dogs barking up the wrong tree and men either wearing their hearts on their sleeves or having them in their mouths or even in their boots. Sometimes this parade of funny animals and quaint human beings looks more like a hilarious fancy- dress ball than a peaceful picture gallery and it is really a pity that the only interest some scholars seem to take in it is whether the leading component of the idiom is expressed by a verb or a noun. 8. «Лексикология» 225 The metaphor fancy-dress ball may seem far-fetched to skeptical minds, and yet it aptly reflects a very important feature of the linguis- tic phenomenon under discussion: most participants of the carnival, if we accept the metaphor, wear masks, are disguised as something or somebody else, or, dropping metaphors, word-groups known as phra- seological units or idioms are characterised by a double sense: the current meanings of constituent words build up a certain picture, but the actual meaning of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture, in itself creating an entirely new image. So, a dark horse mentioned above is actually not a horse but a person about whom no one knows anything definite, and so one is not sure what can be expected from him. The imagery of a bull in a china Download 0.88 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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