Microsoft Word alexicology doc
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English lexicology Лексикология
dickens (coll.), deuce (coll.), (Old) Nick (coll.).
The word God, due to other considerations, also had a great num- ber of substitutes which can still be traced in such phrases as Good Lord!, By Heavens/, Good Heavens!, (My) goodness!, (My) goodness gracious!, Gracious me! Even in our modern emancipated times, old superstitious fears still lurk behind words associated with death and fatal diseases. Peo- ple are not superstitious nowadays and yet they are surprisingly reluc- tant to use the verb to die which has a long chain of both solemn and humorous substitutes. E. g. to pass away, to be taken, to breathe one's last, to depart this life, to close one's eyes, to yield (give) up the ghost, to go the way of all flesh, to go West (sl.), to kick off (sl.), to check out (sl.), to kick the bucket (sl.), to take a ride (sl.), to hop the twig (sl.), to join the majority (sl.). The slang substitutes seem to lack any proper respect, but the joke is a sort of cover for the same old fear: speak of death and who knows what may happen. Mental diseases also cause the frequent use of euphemisms. A mad person may be described as insane, mentally unstable, un- balanced, unhinged, not (quite) right 214 (coll.), not all there (coll.), off one's head (coll.), off one's rocker (coll.), wrong in the upper storey (coll.), having bats in one's belfry (coll.), crazy as a bedbug (coll.), cuckoo (sl.), nutty (sl.), off one's nut (sl.), loony (sl.), a mental case, a mental defective, etc. A clinic for such patients can also be discreetly referred to as, for instance, an asylum, sanitarium, sanatorium, (mental) institution, and, less discreetly, as a nut house (sl.), booby hatch (sl.), loony bin (sl.), etc. In the story by Evelyn Waugh "Mr. Loveday's Little Outing" a clinic of this kind, treating only very rich patients, is described as large private grounds suitable for the charge of nervous or difficult cases. This is certainly the peak of euphemistic "delicacy". The great number of humorous substitutes found in such groups of words prove particularly tempting for writers who use them for comi- cal purposes. The following extracts from a children's book by R. Dahl are, probably, not in the best of taste, but they demonstrate the range of colloquial and slang substitutes for the word mad. "He's gone off his rocker!" shouted one of the fathers, aghast, and the other parents joined in the chorus of frightened shouting. "He's crazy!" they shouted. "He's balmy!" "He's nutty!" "He's screwy!" "He's batty!" "He's dippy!" "He's dotty!'* "He's daffy!" "He's goofy!" "He's beany!" "He's buggy!" "He's wacky!" 215 "He's loony!" "No, he is not!" said Grandpa Joe. (From Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by R. Dahl) ... "What did I tell you!" — cried Grandma Georgina. "He's round the twist! He's bogged as a beetle! He's dotty as a dingbat! He's got rats in the roof!..." (Ibid.) * * * All the above examples show that euphemisms are substitutes for their synonyms. Their use and very existence are caused either by social conventions or by certain psychological factors. Most of them have stylistic connotations in their semantic structures. One can also assume that there is a special euphemistic connotation that can be singled out in the semantic structure of each such word. Let us point out, too, that euphemistic connotations in formal euphemisms are different in "flavour" from those in slang euphemistic substitutes. In the first case they are solemn and delicately evasive, and in the sec- ond rough and somewhat cynical, reflecting an attempt to laugh off an unpleasant fact. Antonyms We use the term antonyms to indicate words of the same category of parts of speech which have contrasting meanings, such as hot — Download 0.88 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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