Microsoft Word alexicology doc
Download 0.88 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
English lexicology Лексикология
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- (Girl).
(Meal). Snack, bite (coll.), snap (dial.), repast, refreshment, feast
(formal). These synonyms, besides stylistic connotations, have connota- tions of attendant features. Snack, bite, snap all denote a frugal meal taken in a hurry; re- freshment is also a light meal; feast is a rich or abundant meal. (Girl). Girlie (coll.), lass, lassie (dial.), bird, birdie, jane, fluff, skirt (sl.), maiden (poet.), damsel (arch.). (To leave). To be off, to clear out (coll.), to beat it, to hoof it, to take the air (sl.), to depart, to retire, to withdraw (formal). 197 5. A man entered the bar and called for "a Martinus". The barman observed as he picked up a glass, "You mean Martini, sir!" "No, in- deed I don't," the man replied. "I was taught Latin properly and I only want one." 6. A foreigner was relating his experience in studying the English language. He said: "When I first discovered that if I was quick I was fast; that if I was tied I was fast; and that not to eat was fast, I was discouraged. But when I came across the sentence, 'The first one wonone-dollar prize' I gave up trying." 7. J a n e: Would you be insulted if that good-looking stranger of- fered you some champagne? Joan: Yes, but I'd probably swallow the insult. CHAPTER 1 1 Synonyms (continued). Euphemisms. Anto- nyms The Dominant Synonym The attentive reader will have noticed that in the previous chapter much use was made of the numerous synonyms of the verb to look, and yet, the verb to look itself was never mentioned. That doesn't seem fair because it is, certainly, a verb which possesses the highest frequency of use compared with its synonyms, and so plays an impor- tant role in communication. Its role and position in relation to its synonyms is also of some importance as it presents a kind of centre of the group of synonyms, as it were, holding it together. Its semantic structure is quite simple: it consists only of denota- tive component and it has no connotations. All (or, at least, most) synonymic groups have a "central" word of this kind whose meaning is equal to the denotation common to all the synonymic group. This word is called the dominant synonym. Here are examples of other dominant synonyms with their groups: To surprise — to astonish — to amaze — to astound. To shout — to yell — to bellow — to roar. To shine — to flash — to blaze — to gleam — to glisten — to sparkle — to glitter — to shimmer — to glimmer. To tremble — to shiver — to shudder — to shake. To make — to produce — to create — to fabricate — to manufacture. 209 Angry — furious — enraged. Fear — terror — horror. The dominant synonym expresses the notion common to all syno- nyms of the group in the most general way, without contributing any additional information as to the manner, intensity, duration or any attending feature of the referent. So, any dominant synonym is a typi- cal basic-vocabulary word (see Ch. 2). Its meaning, which is broad and generalised, more or less "covers" the meanings of the rest of the synonyms, so that it may be substituted for any of them. It seems that here, at last, the idea of interchangeability of synonyms comes into its own. And yet, each such substitution would mean an irreparable loss of the additional information supplied by connotative components of each synonym. So, using to look instead of to glare, to stare, to peep, to peer we preserve the general sense of the utterance but lose a great deal in precision, expressiveness and colour. Summing up what has been said, the following characteristic fea- tures of the dominant synonym can be underlined: I. High frequency of usage. II. Broad combinability, i. e. ability to be used in combinations with various classes of words. III. Broad general meaning. IV. Lack of connotations. (This goes for stylistic connotations as well, so that neutrality as to style is also a typical feature of the dominant synonym.) Download 0.88 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling