Microsoft Word alexicology doc
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English lexicology Лексикология
ability is sometimes applied. According to this, synonyms are defined
as words which are interchangeable at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning. [4] This criterion of interchangeability has been much criticised. Every or almost every attempt to apply it to this or that group of synonyms seems to lead one to the inevitable conclusion that either there are very few synonyms or, else, that they are not interchange- able. 189 It is sufficient to choose any set of synonyms placing them in a sim- ple context to demonstrate the point. Let us take, for example, the synonyms from the above table. Cf.: He glared at her (i. e. He looked at her angrily). He gazed at her (i. e. He looked at her steadily and attentively; probably with admiration or interest). He glanced at her (i. e. He looked at her briefly and turned away). He peered at her (i. e. He tried to see her better, but some- thing prevented: darkness, fog, weak eyesight). These few simple examples are sufficient to show that each of the synonyms creates an entirely new situation which so sharply differs from the rest that any attempt at "interchanging" anything can only destroy the utterance devoiding it of any sense at all. If you turn back to the extracts on p. 184—187, the very idea of interchangeability will appear even more incredible. Used in this way, in a related context, all these words (/ like you, but I cannot love you; the young man was strolling, and his child was trotting by his side; Romeo should smile, not grin, etc.) clearly demonstrate that substitution of one word for another is impossible: it is not simply the context that firmly binds them in their proper places, but the peculiar individual connotative structure of each individual word. Consequently, it is difficult to accept interchange-ability as a cri- terion of synonymy because the specific characteristic of synonyms, and the one justifying their very existence, is that they are not, cannot and should not be interchangeable, in which case they would simply become useless ballast in the vocabulary. 190 Synonyms are frequently said to be the vocabulary's colours, tints and hues (so the term shade is not so inadequate, after all, for those who can understand a metaphor). Attempts at ascribing to synonyms the quality of interchangeability are equal to stating that subtle tints in a painting can be exchanged without destroying the picture's effect. All this does not mean that no synonyms are interchangeable. One can find whole groups of words with half-erased connotations which can readily be substituted one for another. The same girl can be de- scribed as pretty, good-looking, handsome or beautiful. Yet, even these words are far from being totally interchangeable. Each of them creates its own picture of human beauty. Here is an extract in which a young girl addresses an old woman: "I wouldn't say you'd been exactly pretty as a girl — hand- some is what I'd say. You've got such strong features." (From The Stone Angel by M. Lawrence) So, handsome is not pretty and pretty is not necessarily hand- some. Perhaps they are not even synonyms? But they are. Both, the criterion of common denotation ("good-looking, of pleasing appear- ance") and even the dubious criterion of inter-changeability seem to indicate that. In conclusion, let us stress that even if there are some synonyms which are interchangeable, it is quite certain that there are also others which are not. A criterion, if it is a criterion at all, should be applica- ble to all synonyms and not just to some of them. Otherwise it is not acceptable as a valid criterion. Download 0.88 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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