Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

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A very special Catastrope –
Terrorist attack on Mumbai on 26
th
Nov. 2008, many ordinary 
people came forward to help, when the extent of horror was known.
People shed tears, stood in long lines to donate blood. The 
cowardly attack on innocent persons was condemned by entire 
nation. 
Studies have shown that secure attachment style facilitates 
the empathic response to other’s needs. (Mikulincer et al 2001). 
Prolonged exposure to prosocial T.V. model also leads to 
development of empathy. During childhood and adolescence, 
children acquire appropriate experiences and models to develop 
empathy. 
Empathy is more likely to develop if child’s mother is a warm 
person and if both parents emphasize that how other people are 
affected by rude behaviour and if family is able to discuss emotions 
in supportive atmosphere. Those parents, who use anger as a way 
of dealing with children, inhibit the development of empathy among 
children. 
Social Exclusion – Social Exclusion refers to conditions in which 
individuals feel that they have been excluded from some social 
group. Social exclusion leads to feelings of being distanced from 
others and it reduces the helping behaviour. The feeling of being 
excluded is a very painful experience and it leaves individuals with 
very few emotional sources. Such individuals are busy with their 
own feelings of rejection and abandonment and they have less 
emotion left for experiencing concern for others (Twenge, 
Baumeister, Dewall, Ciarocco and Barlels 2007). 
Twenge and others conducted series of studies in which 
they found that those people who experience social exclusion adopt 
a cautious attitude toward social relations. They want to have good 
relationship with others but because they have recently been 
rejected, they are less willing to expose themselves because of fear 
of further exclusion as a results they are less likely to experience 
empathy towards others and less likely to use prosocial actions as 
a way of winning ne friends or support. 
Thus, social exclusion has lasting effects and prevents 
people from building the social relationships. Thus, social 
exclusion is far more damaging in the group and even societies as 
it prevents people from building relationships. 
Being a target of discrimination is one factor that leads to 
experiences of social exclusion. 

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