Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

 
15.2.1 Effect - Danger Ratio :
 
It is a principle suggesting that in situations in which 
individuals interact frequently with potential victims, most people try 
- when engaging in aggression - to maximize the harm they 
produce while minimizing the danger of retaliation. One useful way 
to do this is aggress in subtle ways so that the victim can’t be sure 
who caused the harm she/he is suffering and in fact, can’t even tell 
whether the harm is the result of the actions of someone else or 
just as a result of impersonal factors, such as bad luck. 
15.2.2 Types of Workplace Violence :
 
Arnold Buss (1961) suggested three types of covert 
aggression at workplace:
i) Verbal, 
ii) Passive and
iii) Indirect.
Baron et al (1999) found that aggression occurring in workplace 
falls in to following major categories: 
i) Expression of Hostility : Hostility expressed through verbal 
and symbolic behavior such as belittling other’s opinions, talking 
behind their backs, etc., is very common at workplace. 
ii) Obstructionism : In this form of behavior attempt is made to 
obstruct or impede the target’s performance. It can take many 
different forms, some of which are as follows : 
Failure to return phone calls. 
Failure to respond to memos, letters, etc. 
Failure to provide or transmit needed information. 
Interfering with activities that are important to the target. 

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iii) Overt Aggression : This form of aggression is generally rare 
but does occur, sometimes in extreme forms. Some types of 
overt aggression include :  
Physical 
assault 
Theft or destruction of property 
Threats of Physical violence 
Murder, 
etc.