Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

individual to overcome his/her cognitive deficit. Very often, 
when we become angry our ability to evaluate the 
consequences of our actions is reduced. Helping the individual 
to overcome his/her cognitive deficit will help to reduce 
aggression to a considerable extent. Two important procedures 
that will help us to overcome cognitive deficits are as follows: 
Pre-Attribution: Attributing annoying actions by others to 
unintentional causes before the provocation actually occurs. 
For example, before meeting with someone you know can 
be irritating, you could remind yourself that she or he doesn’t 
mean to make you angry—it’s just the result of an 
unfortunate personal style. 
Prevention of Rumination: Another technique involves 
preventing yourself—or others—from ruminating about 
previous real or imagined wrongs (Zillmann, 1993). You can 
accomplish this by participating in pleasant, absorbing 
activities that have no connection to anger and aggression, 
for e.g., watching a funny movie or television program to 
solving interesting puzzles. Such activities allow for a 
cooling-off period during which anger can dissipate, and also 
help to reestablish cognitive control over behavior.
(iii) Still another cognitive intervention strategy includes 
apologies and offering good excuses. By apologies we mean 
admissions of wrong doings that include requests for 
forgiveness. Offering good excuses also helps to reduce anger 
in others. Good excuses are ones that make references to 
factors beyond the excuse-giver’s control. 
c) Exposure to Non-aggressive Models : Aggression results due 
to exposure to aggressive models. Similarly, exposing 
individuals to non-aggressive models can lead to decrease in 
aggression. Research studies by Baron and associates (1972) 
have shown that individuals exposed to the actions of non-
aggressive models later demonstrated lower levels of 
aggression than persons not exposed to such models. 
Research has shown that it is very useful to plant non-
aggressive models in tense and threatening situations. Their 
presence will help to reduce aggression and violence.