Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

Conditions necessary for punishment to be effective : In 
order for punishment to be effective several conditions as 
follows must be met.
(a) 
Punishment must follow objectionable behaviour 
immediately or at least quickly. In other words punishment 
must be delivered promptly. 
(b) It must be of sufficient magnitude to be aversive to the 
recipient. 
(c) 
There must be clear contingency between individual 
behaviour and punishment. 
(d) Punishment must also be certain, i.e., the probability that it 
will follow aggression must be very high. 
(e) Punishment must be strong, i.e., strong enough to be highly 
unpleasant to potential recipients. 
(f) Punishment must also be effective. 
 
2. Self-regulation : Self-regulation refers to internal mechanism 
for controlling aggression. It involves displaying self-control and 
restraints. It refers to our capacity to regulate many aspects of 
our behaviour including display of overt aggression. Self-
regulation involves the use of cognitive effort to control 
aggression. Changing one’s cognitions and attributions about a 
given event can lead to reductions in aggression. 
3. Forgiveness : Forgiveness can be defined as giving up the 
desire to punish some one who has hurt us and seeking, 
instead, to act in a kind and helpful ways towards them. 
Forgiveness helps to reduce subsequent aggression and 
retaliation. 
4. Non-violence : It is an important principle of peace that has 
been a part of the Indian philosophy and has been advocated by 

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Lord Buddha, Mahatma Gandhi and others. Non-violence helps 
to reduce aggressive acts. In public life, especially protests 
against the authorities, non-violence plays an important role.