Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

LESSON – III 
NIDA’S THREE BASE MODELS OF TRANSLATION
 
Basically there are two different systems for translating. The first consists in setting 
up a series of rules which are intended to be applied strictly in order and are designed to 
specify exactly what should be with each item or combination of items in the source language 
so as to select the appropriate corresponding form in the receptor language. Some 
theoreticians have commented that this automatic selection process is best accomplished by 
working through an intermediate, neutral, universal linguistic structure. This go-between 
language into which the source is translated and form which the finished translation is 
derived may be either another natural language or a completely artificial language. But 
whether or not such an intermediate stage is used, this approach is based on the application of 
rules to what linguists call the “surface structure” of language, that is, the level of structure 
which is overtly spoken and heard, or written and read. This approach may be diagrammed as 
a figure:
A ------------------------- (X) ----------------------� B 
In the figure, A represents the source language and B represents the receptor, or target 
language. The letter X in parenthesis stands for any intermediate structure which may have 
been set up as a kind of universal structure to which any and all languages might be related 
for more economic transfer. 
The second system of translation which was put forward by Eugene Nida (1975), 
consists of a more elaborate procedure comprising three stages: (1) analysis, in which the 
surface structure (i.e., the message as given in language A) is analyzed in terms of (a) the 
grammatical relationships and (b) the meanings of the words and combinations of words
(2) transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind on the translator from 
language A to language B and (3) restructuring, in which the transferred material is 
restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. This 
approach may be a diagrammed as a figure: 
A (Source)
B (Receptor) 
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(Analysis) 
(Restructuring) 
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X ___________ (Transfer)____________ Y 

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As indicated, analysis consists of three steps 
(a)
grammatical analysis which is meant to see if the formation of a grammatical category 
in the reception languages can be non-existent/ambiguous or (in other words, to 
determine the meaningful relationships between the word and combination of words) 
(b)
analysis of referential meaning of the words and special combination of words (for 
e.g.; idioms) 
(c)
analysis of connotative meaning, i.e. how the users of the languages react (whether 
positively or negatively), to the words and combination of words.