Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Personnel involved in transfer
Transfer must be done by people, and very often by a group people, usually organized 
as some kind of committee. Of course, there are some situations in which one individual, 
unusually gifted in knowledge of the original languages and skilled in the style of the 
receptor language, can undertake the task of Bible translating alone. But such one-man 
translations are increasing less possible. This means that the actual transfer must take place in 
a cooperative undertaking, involving primarily two types of situations: (1) cooperation 
between an expatriate foreigner (the missionary) and the national translator, and (2) 
cooperation between national translators.
Cooperation between expatriate and national translators
In most instances, expatriates and national translators collaborate to undertake 
translation work; it is the expatriate who is the specialist in the source language (Greek, 
Hebrew, English, French, Spanish, etc.) and the national who is the expert in the receptor 
languages. If these men are to function effectively, however, they must both have a 
knowledge of both source and receptor languages. If the national translator does not have a 
knowledge of the source language, he is essentially not a translator, but an informant, of 
translation helper.
When expatriate and national translators collaborate as a team, it is most important 
that the problems of translation be discussed not in the source language but in the receptor 
language. That is to say, the basic difficulties must be raised at the post-transfer point, before 
the restructuring has been undertaken. If on the contrary, people attempt to discuss the 
problems in the source language, there are too many possibilities of slips and distortions 
taking place when the material has to be transferred into the receptor language.
Cooperation between national translator
It is important to note the distinctive roles of the "scholar" and the "stylist," for they 
represent two basic functions which cannot always be easily differentiated. In the past, the 
tendency has been to have a scholar do translating and then to ask a stylist, very late in the 
proceedings to fix up whatever seemed unduly rough and awkward. But it is very difficult to 
achieve a good style by reworking a draft which is all but completed. It is preferable to have 
the stylist involved as early as possible in the enterprise.

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Ideally, the stylist has some grasp of the source language but is not a scholar in it. If 
he does have such an understanding, he can be the primary translator, working from the 
source text and producing a first draft which is aimed at an appropriate style (and when the 
stylist has completed a draft translation, the scholar can then go over it with great care, 
making sure that it is accurate and bringing to the attention of the stylist errors of various 
kinds. Experience has shown that it is much easier to achieve the proper combination of 
accuracy and adequate style in this manner than in the more traditional approach in which the 
scholar translated and the stylist corrected.
On the other hand, if the stylist has no knowledge of the source language, the scholar 
must perforce make the transfer to an analogous level in the receptor language in which all 
statements are as simple as possible and everything as explicit and as unambiguous as 
possible. The stylist picks up the job at this point and restructures it into a draft of the 
finished translation, calling the scholar's attention to residual problems of meaning or of 
awkwardness.