Microsoft Word Schmid et al. (XXXX) lcm kodierung doc

Person-Reference 
When the speaker refers to himself/herself while the coder is interested in a different subject, 
predicates referring to the speaker are not coded. 
Sometimes one unit refers to several subjects. This can be reflected in an additional category (i.e. 
person, subgroup, entire population). 

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Example – subgroup: 
”Some of these defendants were ardent (ADJ) members of the Nazi movement from its birth.” IMT-
USA, p.417. 
Example – entire population: 
”And here, once again, is the doctrine of military expediency; if it will pay Germany to break a 
particular law (IAV) she is entirely justified (ADJ) in breaking it ...” IMT-GB, p.488. 
In other cases there are two or more distinct subjects: 
Rule (3): (facultative): If a unit refers to two ore more subjects, it is coded as one segment 
relating to the most important person. 
Example: 
”... if it hadn’t been for the Macho King Randy Savage and Sensational Queen Sherry, who 
activated (IAV) a well-coordinated plan against the Warrior during the course of the match.” WWF, 
p.20. 
Supplementary Rule (3.1) (facultative): If the different subjects are of equal importance, the 
proposition is coded as two segments, each relating to one subject. 
Valence 
Valence in this case means an attribution of positive or negative evaluative aspects. This can not 
be done without Reference to the context. For example ”to kick” can have a positive as well as 
negative meaning ( a kick below the table could be a well-meant warning that one’s remarks are 
embarrassing somebody). 
If the context is not taken into account, ironic statements or insulting praises (of trivial virtues 
and accomplishments) would be taken at face value. 
Valence usually is coded in reference to the logical subject; the listener/reader is influenced by 
what is implied. Negative valence is coded if the implication is negative, either because the 
described action is socially reprehensible or because something bad happens to the subject. The 
reverse goes for positive evaluations.
Examples: 
”From the very first the Naval Staff never had any intention (SV neg) of observing the laws of war 
at sea.” (IMT-GB, p.487). Negative action. 
”Half-conscious (ADJ neg), the Warrior crawled back to the squared circle on his hand and knees 
(DAV neut). (WWF, p.23). Negative state. 
Sometimes adjectives have a negative valence but do not imply stable attributes. In such cases it 
is important to note whether the adjective is in fact a past participle (it can then be classified as 
”passive voice” – see Past Participle). A facultative rule allows to sub-classify adjectives in stable 

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(trait)-adjectives and in variable (state)-adjectives. 
”He was too injured to follow up.” (ADJ neg) (WWF, p.23) 
On rare occasions the ”zero-point” for evaluative statements can be shifted, as in the case of 
wrestling reports, where verbs implying fighting and beating do not have a negative connotation 
since fighting is what wrestlers should do, unless they are incompetent or boring. The negative 
valence shifts towards neutral as long as the action is described in professional terms and doesn’t 
constitute a foul. 
An example for a negative evaluation (because of the amount of violence implied) is: 
”... he blasted (IAV neg) Adnan and Sarge with haymaker rights that sent them over the ropes to the 
floor.” (WWF, p.22)