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T R A N S L A T I O N 
 
THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 
 
 
A book in translations from English into Uzbek(Russian) for 
fifth-year students of specialized pedagogical higher 
educational institutions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
«UKITUVCHI» - 1989 

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INTRODUCTION 
This book is destined for students in their final year at foreign language pedagogical 
institutes and faculties, who arc taking a course of translation from English into Uzbek and 
Russian. 
The necessity for this book is defined by the fact that there is no unification of tasks and 
methods in this aspect. The existing text-books and manuals examine specific aspects of work, 
which are not included in the composite work of teaching a foreign language in a specialized 
higher establishment of learning and leave out on account of the students' mother tongue, Uzbek 
in particular. 
This book endeavours to summarize the principles of marking out difficulties 
encountered when translating and classifying transformations developed in contemporary manu-
als dealing with translations, proceeding from the practical purpose of training students to 
translate at foreign language; higher educational institutions. This particularly applies to 
translations from English into Uzbek and Russian. Our work is based on the following sources:
Л.С.Бархударов. Язык и перевод. М.,1975; В.Н.Комиссаров. Лингвистика перевода. 
М.,1980; А.В.Федоров Основы общей теории перевода М.,1983.
The tactical schemes of the course are as follows: I) acquaintance with the basic 
principles of the Soviet school of translations; 2) mastering the skill of translation; 3) mastering a 
foreign language more consciously and profoundly by finding in the text lexical, grammatical 
and stylistic peculiarities of the language studied in comparison with students' mother tongue; 4) 
acquaintance with the principles of translating texts of various genres. 
The study of translation is coupled with theoretical courses in lexicology, normative grammar, 
the science of style and short courses in English an d American literature. The exercises are 
mainly based on the material of the text book “Practical course of English “, edited by Prof. V.D. 
Arakin, fourth and fifth year, Moscow, Higher School, 1975, 1976 The same applies to the texts 
for translating as a whole. When patterns from belles-lettres and periodicals are quoted, the 
source is indicated. Those copied from exercises in «A Practical Course of English {edited by 
Prof. V. D" Arakin) are used without reference. The «working» translations, which are not 
recommended but are considered as possible versions, are prepared by the authors of this book. 
The book consists of three sections: 
I —theses of a lectural course; 
II—exercises in lexical and grammatical difficulties encountered while translating; 
III — texts for translations to be done compositely. The theoretical material is introduced 
by the following method. The purpose of this course is to inculcate habits of independent 
comprehension of the specificity of translating and finding correct solutions. That is why it is 
advisable to get the students to see the theoretical principles in proper perspective and analyse 
specific examples in the course of the lectures. Patterns may be handed out for translation or 
published translations for analysis before a lecture is delivered. During lectures students are to 
draw conclusions and summarise, that prepares them to work creatively. 
Patterns of a commentary on a translation and model translations are given at the beginning of 
each exercise. The commentaries are based on the following patterns: a kind of difficulty 
encountered while translating, a type of transformation, a working version of a translation. The 
commentaries also include interpretations of the most interesting linguistic features Definitions 
of words are given, when it is necessary to explain an occasional meaning. 
Three types of texts arc provided in part III: «A»—texts with commentaries and translations for 
practical work under the instructor's guidance during lessons; «B» — texts with commentaries on 
the basis of which students are to do translations individually; “C” — texts to be translated 
without assistance. 

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It is profitable to single out the lexical, grammatical and stylistic difficulties encountered 
while translating the given exercises and texts. This does not exclude working at a text as a 
whole when students encounter difficulties. It is assumed that the sections worked off at the 
lectures are mastered by the students: features in texts, note worthily in translating, which were 
not elucidated in the course of the lectures, are to be analysed by the instructor. 
The following methods are suggested for practical work: translating individually with a 
preliminary linguistic analysis of the text, followed by a dispute in the lecture-room: