Mid-term exam Question №1

POWER (of actors)

• 
  dispositional power [in terms of ‘having resources’ (money, knowledge, personnel, weapons, reputation, etc.)]
  
• 
  episodic power [in terms of achieving outcomes in social relations (e.g. influence on a certain decision)]
  
• 
  capabilities/power in organizational terms (organizations, resources, rules, bargaining)
  
• 
  capabilities/power in discursive terms (knowledge, story lines, discourses, deliberation)
  
• 
  ransitive power [conflict-oriented zero-sum games (‘A achieves something at the cost of B’)
  
• 
  intransitive power [social integration and collective outcomes (‘A and B achieving something together’)]
  
• 
  situate power at the level of the acting agent (‘the swimming fish’)
  
• 
  situate capabilities/power at the level of structures (‘the water putting pressure on the fish’)
  

Actors of IR: states, groups of interest in IR, international intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations, international funds, cities (mega), territories / regions, social movements and activists, universities, international terrorist and extremist groups, global media (international media agencies), Diaspora, «network communities», state, sub-state, non-state and supranational actors.

Question №3
Mitchell’s Conflict Model
[Source of figure: 'Conflict, Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management and Beyond' - URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/113660/2005_swanstrom-weissman_concept-paper_conflict-prevention-management-and-beyond.pdf ]
I. Choose the case: Any one international dispute – crisis – conflict – war***
(territorial, border, (natural) resources, religious, economic, security, ethnic, environmental, etc.)
II. Provide appropriate data/arguments in terms of 6 steps of/in chosen dispute/crisis/conflict/war (as of Mitchell’s Conflict Model)
1. The situation impacts the behavior (failure to reach targeted goals, especially important goals, creates frustration and increases the willingness to reach these goals).
2. The situation impacts attitudes (incompatible goals increase the suspicion and distrust between the actors).
3. Behavior impacts the situation (success can introduce new questions in the conflict as demands increases).
4. Behavior impacts the attitudes (destruction increases hatred, success can impact the group solidarity and the notion of "us").
5. Attitudes impact the behavior (expectations such as "our traditional enemies will attack again" will impact the defensive planning and preventive actions).
6. Attitudes impact the situation (the longer the conflict continues the more questions will be introduced).

*** To find the case, pls., explore:
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/list-of-past-peacekeeping-operations
https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/unpeacekeeping-operationlist_3_1_0.pdf
https://ucdp.uu.se/
https://www.prio.org/Data/
https://www.sipri.org/databases
https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-wars-2031197