- Not many
- Bard, clan, crag, glen, loch
- • maybe:
- Bald, bray, bug, gull, hog, loop
- • through French:
- Car, change, garter, mutton, socket, vassal
Dutch & Low German Influence - Later ME, lots of trade (wool)
- Several dozen loans
- Seafaring
- Halibut, pump, shore, skipper, whiting
- Containers
- Bundle, bung, cork, dowel, firkin, tub
- Trade: trade, huckster
- Wool Trade: nap, selvage
- Misc
- Clock, damp, grime, luck, offal, scour, speckle, splinter, tallow, wriggle
- Greek through French: squirrel, diaper, cinnamon
- Greek through Latin: philosophy, paradigm, phlegm, synod, physic
- Arabic (all through French or Latin)
- Azimuth, ream, saffron, cipher, alkali
- Persian (through other languages)
- Borax, mummy, musk, spinach, taffeta, lemon
- Hebrew (French/Latin): jubilee, leviathan, cider
- Slavic sable, Hungarian coach (French)
- Unknown
- Bicker, big, boy, clasp, junk, kidney, las, noose, puzzle, roam, slender, throb, wallet
Formation of New Words: Compounding - Mostly nouns and adjectives
- Nouns:
- Noun + noun cheesecake, toadstool, bagpipe, nightmare
- Adjective + noun sweetheart, wildfire, quicksand
- Adverb + noun insight, afternoon, upland
- Noun + verb (new to ME) sunshine, nosebleed
- Verb + noun (also new) hangman, pastime, whirlwind
- Verb + adverb (new) runabout, lean-to
- Adverb + verb (new) outcome, outcast, upset
- French and Latin compounds (noun + adj) knight-errant, heir-apparent, sum total
Compounds (cont’d) - Adjectives
- Noun + adjective threadbare, bloodred, headstrong
- Adjective + noun (rare) everyday
- Verbs
- Adverb + verb outline, uphold, overturn, underwrite
- Noun + verb (new) manhandle
- ‘Invisible’ Compounds
- Cockney (cock + egg), gossamer (goose + summer)
- Compounds treated as single words
- Dismal (Lat. Dies mali ‘evil days’)
- Porcupine (Fr. Porc espin ‘spiny pig’)
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