Minds and Computers : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
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on one side, there is an even number on the other side. Which of the
four cards must you turn over to determine whether or not this rule does hold? 4. Adrian has wealthy parents and went to an elite grammar school. He works as an investment banker, is married to a corporate exec- utive and drives a Porsche. Which of the following is more likely? (a) Adrian is concerned about public health and welfare. (b) Adrian is concerned about public health and welfare but votes conservative. 154 5. All the people in Queensland wear hats in the sun. No one who wears a hat in the sun gets facial melanomas. Does it follow that no one in Queensland gets facial melanomas? 6. A flipped coin has landed on heads nine times in a row. What are the odds it will land on tails on the next flip? (a) Even (b) Better than even (c) Less than even 7. Jon and Nicole have two children. One of them is a boy. What is the chance that the other one is a boy? (a) 50% (b) 33.33% (c) 25% 8. All the vegetarians on campus are members of the Organic Food Cooperative. None of the vegetarians on campus purchase food known to be treated with pesticides or preservatives. Does it follow that none of the members of the Organic Food Cooperative pur- chase food known to be treated with pesticides or preservatives? 9. You draw a card from a standard deck. Which of the following is more likely? (a) You draw an ace. (b) You draw a red ace. 10. You are given eight cards from a standard deck and are told that only one of the following two statements is true: [1] There is either an ace or a king in your hand (or both). [2] There is either an ace or a queen in your hand (or both). Which of the following is more likely? (a) There is a king in your hand. (b) There is an ace in your hand. 11. If you drink co ffee at lunchtime then you will be more alert in the afternoon. Dave is not more alert this afternoon. Does it follow that Dave didn’t drink co ffee at lunchtime? 12. The rule for collecting unemployment benefits states – If you collect benefits then you must not be employed. Which of the 155 following four people must you gather further information about to make sure they are not breaking the rule? (a) The person you know to be employed. (b) The person you know to be unemployed. (c) The person you know to be receiving benefits. (d) The person you know to be not receiving benefits. 15.1 FOLLOWING LOGICALLY It is a recognised empirical fact that people generally perform quite poorly on this set of reasoning problems. The reader of this volume is clearly more intelligent than average – simply by virtue of having purchased this book if nothing else – but I would still be surprised if you made no mistakes on the problem set (unless you’ve previously been exposed to these problems). The question of whether a conclusion follows logically from some premises is spelled out in terms of the validity of the inference. An inference is valid i ff the truth of its premises is sufficient to guarantee the truth of its conclusion. The validity of a particular inference depends on the validity of the logical form which it instances. Technically speaking, it is logical forms of inference which are valid or not. A logical form is valid i ff there is no instance of the form which has true premises and a false conclusion. In other words, a logical form is valid if there is no instance of the form which is a counter- Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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