Minds and Computers : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

validity
a property of logical forms of inference, such that the truth
of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion – valid infer-
ences admit of no counter-examples.
wetware
refers to the brain in its capacity as information processing
hardware.
 
217

---

absent qualia see zombies
activation, 188, 190
activation function, 188–9, 200
adicity, 77
algorithms see effective procedures
allophones, 170–1
ambiguity
lexical, 153
syntactic see amphiboly
amphiboly, 153
amygdala, 30
anomalous monism see property
dualism
antecedent (of conditional), 134
arcuate fasciculus, 32
Armstrong, D., 36
artificial intelligence, 100
artificial neural networks, 187–201
training see backpropagation
Australian materialism, 35, 37–42
axon, 33
backpropagation, 197–8
basal ganglia, 30
begging the question, 39, 50–1
behavioural conditioning see
conditioning
behaviourism
analytical see philosophical
methodological see 
psychological
philosophical, 23–6, 35, 45
psychological, 20–2
branching factor, 114
Broca, P., 31
Broca’s aphasia, 31
Broca’s area, 31
carburettor, 44–5
Cartesian dualism see dualism
categorial reasoning, 158
causal closure, 11
causal theory (of mind), 35–7, 38,
45
central state materialism see
Australian materialism
cerebellum, 28
Chalmers, D., 203
chess, 53–6, 104, 128–31
Chinese room, 176–9
Chomsky, N., 149, 164
Church, A., 87
Church/Turing thesis, 87–8, 93,
200
cognitive architecture, 185–6; see
also artificial neural networks
compositionality, 182
computability, 77–8, 87–8, 200
computation, 75–8, 95
computationalism, 95–108
computer, 93
Comte, A., 20
218
INDEX

---

conditionality, 134
conditioning
operant, 21–2
Pavlovian, 20, 2
conduction aphasia, 32
conjunction, 136
conjuncts, 137
connectionism, 185–6; see also
artificial neural networks
consciousness, 202–3
consequent (of conditional), 134
content, 102–3, 175; see also
semantics
context sensitivity, 191–6
corpus callosum, 30
corvée, 1
counterexamples, 156, 160
creativity, 106–8
cross-lateralisation, 30–1
Cyc/Cycorp, 144
decidability, 86
decision problem see decidability
deduction, 133–7 
dendrites, 33
derivation, 62–4, 66, 67
Descartes, R., 5, 29
diphthongs see sonorants
dispositions, 23–6
distributed representation see
representation
dopamine, 28
double aspect theory see property
dualism
dualism
Cartesian, 5–12
epiphenomenalism, 13–14
interactionist see Cartesian
occasionalism, 13
parallelism, 12–13
property, 14
substance, 4–5
Ebbinghaus, H., 18, 19
effective procedures, 53–7, 64, 67,
71–3, 76, 86–8, 97, 200
embodiment, 179–80, 206
emotion, 30, 205–6
endocrine glands, 29
entailment see logical consequence
Entscheidungsproblem see decision
problem
epiphenomena, 14
epiphenomenalism see dualism
essential properties, 8–9
exclusive disjunction, 190
expert systems, 137–44
exponentiation, 89
Fechner, G., 16 –17
Fibonacci sequence, 84
formal systems, 57–69, 71–2, 88, 95,
102
frontal lobe, 31
function (mathematical) see
total/partial functions
functionalism, 44–51, 95, 101
gambler’s fallacy, 158
generation, 61–2
generation trees, 64–7
generative grammar 
see grammar
ghost in the machine, 23, 26
God, 12–13
Gödel, K., 88
Gödel coding, 88–94
grammar
generative, 149–52
phrase structure, 150
halting problem, 76, 85, 86
Helmholtz, H., 16–17
heuristic function, 117, 125–6,
128

219

---

heuristic search
best first, 120–1
hill climbing, 118–20
hippocampus, 30
homonyms, 148
homophones, 148
Huntington’s chorea, 30
hypothalamus, 29
identity see personal identity
identity theory (of mind) see
Australian materialism
imitation game see Turing Test
imitation man see zombies
induction, 133
intentionality, 181–2, 203
interactionist dualism see dualism
introspection, 7, 17–20, 38–9
inverted spectrum, 48–9
irrationality see rationality
isomorphism, 68, 102–3, 104
Jackson, F., 43
Johnson-Laird, P., 161
Kahneman, D., 161
Külpe, O., 18–19
lateral geniculate nucleus, 29
learning algorithms, 105–6
Leibniz’ Law, 39
limbic system, 30
linguistic capacity, 109
Loebner Prize, 111
logic gates, 189–91, 200
logic/logics, 132–3
logical consequence, 132; see also
validity
logical form, 135–6
Mach, E., 20
materialism
Australian see Australian
materialism
central state see Australian
materialism
reductive see Australian
materialism
meaning see semantics
medial geniculate nucleus, 29
melatonin, 29
memory, 18, 30, 203
mental models, 160–1
mental representation see
representation
minimax, 125–6
modus ponens, 134
modus tollens, 157
monophthongs see sonorants
multiple realisability, 40–1, 101
MYCIN, 143
myelin, 33
neural bioengineering, 200–1
neural plasticity, 32, 41
neurons, 32–4
neurotransmitters, 28, 29, 200,
205
obstruents, 165–7; see also
phonemes
occasionalism see dualism
occipital lobe, 32
Ockham’s razor, 10–11, 24, 38
olfactory bulbs, 29–30
ontology, 4
operant conditioning see
conditioning
operating system, 104–5
overextension (semantic), 172
oxytocin, 29
paradigms see stereotypes
parallelism see dualism
220
  

---

parietal lobe, 31
Parkinson’s disease, 28, 30
pattern extraction, 131, 163, 198–9
Pavlov, I., 20
Pavlovian conditioning see
conditioning
personal identity, 203–5
petitio principii see begging the
question
phonemes, 146, 165–73
phonetic properties, 145; see also
phonetic realisation rules
phonetic realisation rules, 170–2
phonological simplification, 173
phonology, 164–73
phrase structure grammar see
grammar
phrase structure trees, 150–2; see
also generation trees
pineal gland, 29
pituitary gland, 29
Place, U. T., 36, 37
pons, 27–8
positivism, 20, 22
predicates see predication
predication, 134–7
preordained harmony see
parallelism
primary auditory cortex, 31
primary motor cortex, 31
primary sensory strip, 31
primary visual cortex, 32
prime numbers, 89
productivity (of language), 149
program, 71–5, 79–84, 90–3, 96
proof see deduction, derivation,
induction
property dualism see dualism
pruning, 127–8
psychology
behaviourist, 20–2
history of, 15–22
introspectionist, 17–20
physiological, 16–17
qualia, 42–3, 48–51, 203
rationality, 162–3
Rayner, R., 21
recursive definition, 59
reductive materialism see
Australian materialism
reflex arcs, 20–1
register machines, 70–6, 78–84,
86–7, 88, 89–93, 96
relations
symmetrical, 137
transitive, 136
representation, 180, 181–5
distributed, 184–5
symbolic, 183–4
robots, 1
Ryle, G., 23
satisfaction, 135, 137
search (blind)
bottom up, 114, 142–3
breadth first, 115, 117
depth first, 116–17
heuristic see heuristic search
top down, 113–14
Searle, J., 176
semantics, 146–8, 175–80
Skinner, B. F., 21–2
Smart, J. J. C., 36, 37
soma, 33
somatosensory cortex see primary
sensory strip
sonorants, 167–70; see also
phonemes
soul, 6
species chauvinism, 41, 47
speech synthesis, 191–6, 199
squaring, 81–3; see also
exponentiation

221

---

stereotypes, 158, 159; see also
mental models
stimulus-response, 17
straw man, 94
string concatenation, 58–9
string variables, 58
substance dualism see dualism
substantia nigra, 28
substrate independence, 47, 101
symbolic representation see
representation
symmetrical relation see relations
synapse, 33
synaptic cleft, 33
synaptic vesicles, 33
syntax, 147–9, 175–9; see also
grammar
temporal lobe, 31–2
thalamus, 28–9, 30
thermodynamics, 11
token identity theory (of mind) see
token physicalism
token physicalism, 41–2, 46–7, 101
topological organisation, 31
total/partial functions, 77
transduction, 33
transfer function, 188–9, 200
transitive relation see relations
Turing, A., 86, 109–10
Turing machines, 86–7; see also
register machines
Turing Test, 109–11
Tversky, A., 161
type/token identity, 46
underextension (semantic),172–3
universal machines, 92–3, 96–7, 98
validity, 99, 156, 157
vowels, cardinal, 168; see also
sonorants
Watson, J., 20–1
Wernicke, K., 32
Wernicke’s aphasia, 32
Wernicke’s area, 31–2
wetware, 99, 101
Wizard Of Oz, The, 148
Wundt, W., 17–19
zombies, 50–1
222
  