Minerallar Magnetit


Sb, 2Sb+10HNO3=Sb2O5+10NO2+ +5H2O Bi


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Formula kitobcha

Sb,
2Sb+10HNO3=Sb2O5+10NO2+ +5H2O


Bi,
2Bi+6H2SO4=Bi2(SO4)3+3SO2+ +6H2O
Bi2S3+3Fe=3FeS+Bi
Bi(NO3)2=Bi2++3NO3-


VI-Asosiy gruppacha elementlari (xolkogenlar)
O2,
O.+O=O2,
O2+O=O3
O3(t)=O2+O
3O2=2O3,
O+F2=OF2


S,
S+O2(t)=SO2
2S+C(t)=CS2
S+F2=SF2
S+Cl2=SCl2
2S+Cl2=S2Cl2
3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+ 3H2O
3S+ 6KOH=2K2S+K2SO3+ 3H2O
S+ 2HNO3= H2SO4+2NO
S+ 6HNO3= H2SO4+6NO2+ 2H2O
S+2H2SO4=3SO2+2H2O
S2Cl2+Cl2=2SCl2
H2+S(t)=H2S,
H2S= H2+S
H2S+3H2O2=H2SO3+3H2O,
2H2S+O2=2H2O+2S,
2H2S+3O2(t)=2H2O+2SO2,
2H2S+ SO2=3S+2H2O
H2S+Cl2=2HCl+S
H2S+I2=2HI+S
H2S+NaOH=Na2S+2H2O
H2S+NaOH=NaHS+H2O
3H2S+8HNO3=3H2SO4+8NO+ +4H2O
H2SO3= SO2+ H2O
2H2SO3+ O2=2H2SO4
H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O,
H2SO3+Gal2+ H2O=2HGal+ H2SO4 (F2-dan boshqasi)
H2SO3+Cl2+H2O=H2SO4+2HCl.
H2SO4+2NH4OH=(NH4)2SO4+ H2O
H2SO4+NH4OH=NH4HSO4+ H2O
H2SO4+H2S=H2SO3+S+H2O
2H2SO4+ 3H2S= SO3+ 4S+ 5H2O
H2SO4+ H2S= SO2+S+ 2H2O
H2SO4+ 3H2S=4S+ 4H2O
H2SO4+ 2HBr=Br2+ SO2+ 2H2O
5H2SO4+8KI=4I2+H2S+K2SO4+ +4H2O
H2S2O7+H2O=2H2SO4
H2S2O8+2H2O=2H2SO4+H2O2
H2SO4= SO3+ H2O
2SO2+O2(t kat)=2SO3
SO2+C=S+CO2
2SO2+Cl2=2SO2Cl
SO2+NO2= SO3+NO-tez
SO2+ H2O= H2SO3
2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4
SO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI.
SO3+C= SO2+CO
5SO3+2P= 5SO2+P2O5
SO3+ H2O= H2SO4
SO3+H2SO4=H2S2O7 (H2SO4* SO3 )
SO3+ NaOH=NaHSO4,
S2O3+2H+=S+SO2+H2O
SCl4+3H2O=H2SO3+4HCl
2H++ SO3= H2SO3,
HSO3+H2O= H2SO3+OH-
HSO3=H++SO32-


VII-Asosiy gruppacha elementlari
Galogenlar. F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,
F2,
2F2+Si=SiF4
5F2+2P=2PF5
3F2+S=SF6
F2+ H2O=2HF+O. 2O=O2, 3O=O3, O+F2=F2O, H2O+O=H2O2
2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2
2F2+H2O=2HF+OF2
4F2+SiO2=SiF4+2OF2
2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+ H2O
6HF+SiO2=H2[SiF6]+2H2O


Cl2,
Erkin xolatda faqat vulqon gazlarida uchraydi.
Olinishi
Laboratoriyada
4HCl+MnO2=Cl2+MnCl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4=5Cl2+2MnCl2+2KCl+8H2O
Sanoatda
2NaCl+H2O(elkz)=H2+Cl2+2NaOH
Kimyoviy xossasi
Cu+Cl2CuCl2
3Cl2+2P=2PCl3
5Cl2+2P=2PCl5
H2+Cl2(yoruglik)=2HCl
Zanjir reaksiya
Cl2+hv=Clo+Clo
Clo+H2=HCl+Ho
Ho+Cl2=HCl+Clo va hokazo
Cl2+CH4=CH3Cl+HCl –o,rin olish
Cl2+C2H4=C2H4Cl2 -birikish
Cl2+ H2O= HCl+ HClO
(kuchli k-ta) (kuchsiz k-ta)
Cl2+KOH= HCl + KClO
Cl2+2KOH= KCl + KClO+ H2O
3Cl2+6KOH=5KCl + KClO3+ 3H2O
2ClO2+ H2O= HClO3+HClO2
Cl2O7+ H2O=2HClO4,
4HCl+O2=2Cl2+2H2O
3HCl+Fe(OH)3=FeCl3+3H2O
2HClO=2HCl+O2 HClO-kuchli oksidlovchi (beqaror)
3HClO= 2HCl+ HClO3
HClO+HCl=H2O+Cl2.
2KClO3=2KCl +3O2,
4KClO3=KCl +3KClO4,
KClO4(t2>t1)= KCl +2O2,
HClO3=H++ClO3-
HClO4=H++ClO4-


Br2,
Br2+ H2O= HBr+ HBrO
2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2


I2,
3I2+10HNO3=6HIO3+10NO+2H2O
I2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2O
2HI+Cl2=2HCl+I2
2HI+Br2=2HBr+I2
2HI+H2O2=I2+2H2O


Nodir gazlar kimyosi
1962 yil birinchi bulib nodir gazlardan XeF4 olindi. Keyin XeF2, XeF6, olindi.
Xe,
Xe+PtF6=Xe[PtF6] –toq sariq
Xe+F2=XeF2
2XeF2(t)=Xe+XeF4
2XeF2+2H2O=2Xe+O2+4HF
XeF2+HClO4=[Xe(ClO4)2]+2HF
XeF4+2H2O=2Xe+O2+4HF
6XeF4+12H2O=2XeO3+4Xe+3O2+ +24HF
XeF6+CsF=Cs[XeF7]
XeF6+2CsF=Cs[XeF8]
XeF6+SO3=[XeF5]SO3F
2XeF6+SiO2=2XeOF4+SiF4
ksenon oksitetraftorid
(uchuvchan gaz)
XeF6+3H2=Xe+6HF (toza ksenon olish)
XeF6+6KI=Xe+3I2+6KF
XeF6+3H2O=XeO3+6HF
XeF6+ H2O=XeOF4+2HF
XeOF4 +2H2O=XeO3+4HF
XeO3+4NaOH+O3=Na2Xe+O2+ +2H2O+O6
XeO3+6KI+6HCl=6KCl+Xe+3I2+ +3H2O
XeO4=Xe+2O2
2XeO4=2XeO3+O2
He, Ne, Ar birikmalari olinmagan
XeO3, XeO4, H6XeO6, H4XeO4, Na4XeO6, Ba3XeO6


I-Yonaki gruppacha elementlari
Cu
2Cu+O2=2CuO
2Cu+S=Cu2S
Cu+Br2(t)=CuBr2
Cu+ Hg(NO3)2= Cu(NO3)2+Hg
Cu+ 2AgNO3= Cu(NO3)2+2Ag
Cu+4HNO3(kons)=Cu(NO3)2+2NO2++2H2O,
3Cu+8HNO3(suyul)=3Cu(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O,
4Cu+9HNO3=4Cu(NO3)2+NH3+ +3H2O,
Cu+2H2SO4(kons)=CuSO4+SO2+ +2H2O,
Cu+H2SO4=CuO+H2SO3 yoki (SO2+H2O)
2Cu2O+O2=4CuO
Cu2O+H2=2Cu+H2O
CuO+C=Cu+CO
CuO+Mn=MnO+Cu
2CuO+4NO2+O2=2Cu(NO3)2
CuO+2HCl= CuCl2+ H2O
CuO+2HNO3=Cu(NO3)2+H2O
CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2O
2CuS+3O2(t)=2CuO+2SO2
CuS+8HNO3=CuSO4+8NO2+4H2O.
CuS+10HNO3=Cu(NO3)2+H2SO4+ +8NO2+4H2O,
3CuS+8HNO3=3CuSO4+8NO+ +4H2O,
2CuSO4(t)= 2CuO+2SO2+ O2
2CuSO4+2H2Oelkz=2Cu+2H2SO4++O2
CuSO4+ 5H2O=CuSO4*5H2O
CuSO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+Cu(OH)2,
CuSO4+ H2S= CuS + H2SO4
CuCl2+H2O=CuO+2HCl
CuCl2+ H2S= CuS +2HCl
CuCl2+ H2SO4=CuSO4+ 2HCl
CuCl2+ 2HNO3=Cu(NO3)2+2HCl
CuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2+2NaCl
CuCl2+2KOH=Cu(OH)2+2KCl
CuCl2+2AgNO3= Cu(NO3)2+2AgCl
CuBr2+2AgNO3(t)=2AgBr+ +Cu(NO3)2
Cu(HCO3)2=2CuO+CO2+H2O,
(CuOH)2CO3(t)=2CuO+ CO2+H2O,
(CuOH)2CO3+4HNO3=2Cu(NO3)2+ +CO2+3H2O,
Cu(OH)2(t)= CuO+H2O,
Cu(OH)2+2HCl=CuCl2+ 2H2O
Cu(OH)2+HNO3=Cu(OH)NO3+H2O
2Cu(OH)2+CO2=(CuOH)2CO3+H2O
2Cu(OH)2+HCHO=Cu2O+HCOOH+2H2O.
2Cu(NO3)2+2H2O=2Cu+4HNO3+O2
Cu(NO3)2+H2O=Cu(OH)NO3+ +HNO3
Cu(NO3)2+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2+ +2NaNO3
2Cu(NO3)2(t)= 2CuO+4NO2+ O2
Cu(OH)NO3+H2O=Cu(OH)2+HNO3
Cu(OH)NO3+HNO3=Cu(NO3)2+ +H2O
Cu(CH3OO)2+2H2O=Cu(OH)2+ +2CH3COOH
2[Cu(NH3)2]Cl+K2S=Cu2S+2KCl+ +4NH3
Сu2++2OH-= Cu(OH)2,


Ag,
8Ag+2O3=4Ag2O+O2
4Ag+2H2S+O2=2Ag2S+2H2O
Ag+ 2HNO3=AgNO3+NO2+H2O,
3Ag+4HNO3=3AgNO3+NO+2H2O,
2Ag2O=4Ag+O2
2AgOH= Ag2O+H2O,
4AgOH=4Ag+O2+2H2O,
AgCl+HCl=H[AgCl2]
2AgBr(hv)=2Ag+Br2,
2AgI(hv)=2Ag+I2
AgI+2KCN=K[Ag(CN)2]+KI
Ag2C2+2HCl=2AgCl+C2H2,
4AgNO3+2H2O=4Ag+4HNO3+O2
3AgNO3+ H3PO4=Ag3PO4+ 3HNO3
AgNO3+ HCl= AgCl+ HNO3
AgNO3+ HBr= AgBr+ HNO3
2AgNO3+2NaOH=Ag2O+2NaNO3+ +H2O,
3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+ +3NaNO3
2AgNO3(t)=2Ag+2NO2+ O2
4AgNO3+3NH4OH+CH3CHO=2Ag+2NH4NO3+CH3COONH4+2H2O.
Ag++Cl-=AgCl,
Ag++Br-=AgBr,
Ag++I-=AgI,
Au,
Au+HNO3+3HCl=AuCl3+NO+ +2H2O
Au+HNO3+4HCl=H[AuCl4]+NO+ +2H2O


II- Yonaki gruppacha elementlari
Zn,
2Zn+O2=2ZnO,
Zn+S(t)=ZnS
Zn+CuO= ZnO+Cu
Zn+ H2O(t)=ZnO+ H2,
Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2,
Zn+ H2SO4=ZnSO4+ H2,
Zn+CuCl2=Cu+ZnCl2
Zn+2CrCl3=2CrCl2+ ZnCl2
Zn+ FeSO4= ZnSO4+Fe
Zn+CuSO4= ZnSO4+Cu
Zn+2AgNO3=Zn(NO3)2+2Ag
Zn+2KOH=K2ZnO2+H2
Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2
Zn+2NaOH+2H2O=Na2[Zn(OH)4]+ +H2
Zn+ 2H2SO4=ZnSO4+SO2+2H2O,
3Zn+ 4H2SO4=3ZnSO4+S+4H2O,
4Zn+5H2SO4=4ZnSO4+H2S+4H2O,
8Zn+11H2SO4=8ZnSO4+H2S+S+ +SO2+10H2O,
Zn+4HNO3=Zn(NO3)2+2NO2+ +2H2O,
3Zn+8HNO3=3Zn(NO3)2+2NO+ +4H2O,
4Zn+10HNO3=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O+ +5H2O,
5Zn+12HNO3(suyul)=5Zn(NO3)2+N2++6H2O,
4Zn+10HNO3=4Zn(NO3)2+ +NH4NO3+3H2O,
Zn+2CH3COOH=Zn(CH3COO)2+ +H2
ZnO+C=Zn+CO
ZnO+SiO2=ZnSiO3
ZnO+K2O=K2ZnO2
ZnO+2HCl= ZnCl2+ H2O,
ZnO+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2O
ZnO+2HNO3=Zn(NO3)2+ H2O,
ZnO+ 2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2O,
ZnO+2NaOH+ H2O= Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2O,
Zn(OH)2+ NaOH=Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2+ KOH=K2[Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2+ 2KOH=K2ZnO2+2H2O,
Zn(OH)2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2O,
Zn(OH)2+H2SO4=ZnSO4+2H2O
Na2[Zn(OH)4](t)=Na2ZnO2+2H2O,
2ZnS+O2(t)=2ZnO+2SO2
ZnS+CuCl2=CuS+ZnCl2
ZnCl2=Zn2++2Cl-
ZnCl2+ 2H2O=Zn(OH)2+2HCl,
ZnCl2+H2O=Zn(OH)Cl+HCl
ZnSO4+Fe=FeSO4+Zn,
ZnSO4+2NaOH=Na2SO4+ Zn(OH)2
ZnCO3(t)= ZnO+CO2,
Zn(OH)2+2H+=Zn+ 2H2O,
Zn+2OH-= Zn(OH)2,
Zn(OH)2+2OH-=[Zn(OH)4]2-



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