Ministry of digital technologies of the republic of

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6 
I.CHAPTER. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND THREATS TO THEM .............. 9 
1.1. Distributed systems and their architecture ........................................................ 9  
1.2. Threats to distributed systems and their vulnerabilities..................................... 21 
1.3. Methods and tools for securing distributed systems .......................................... 28 
II.CHAPTER. ACCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR USE IN 
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 35 
2.1. Methods of access control and their analysis ..................................................... 36 
2.2.
 
Access control and security models in distributed systems ............................... 43 
III.CHAPTER. LIFE SAFETY  ............................................................................... 49 
3.1. Adjusting the noise level and measure............................................................... 50 
3.2. Perform first aid ................................................................................................. 52 
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 61 
LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 61 

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INTRODUCTION 
Important work on the development and implementation of information 
technologies is being carried out in our country. In particular, PD-357 of August 22, 
2022 on "Measures to take the field of information and communication technologies to 
a new stage" of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2022-2023, PD-4851 of 
October 6, 2020. On "Measures to further improve the education system in the field of 
information technology, develop scientific research and integrate it with the IT 
industry" [2]. Decree and decisions PD-60 of January 28, 2022 on "Measures to take 
the field of information and communication technologies to a new stage in 2022-2023" 
were adopted [3]. These decrees set several instructions and tasks for the development 
of information technologies. 
In today’s digital age, distributed information systems have become the 
backbone of modern organizations. These systems enable the storage, processing, and 
dissemination of vast amounts of data, supporting critical business operations and 
facilitating seamless communication and collaboration. However, ensuring the 
availability of these distributed information systems is a persistent challenge that 
organizations face due to their inherent complexity and the potential for various 
disruptions. Availability is a crucial aspect of any information system, referring to its 
ability to remain operational and accessible to users. When an information system is 
unavailable, whether due to hardware failures, software glitches, network outages, or 
other factors, it can result in severe consequences. These consequences may include 
financial losses, decreased productivity, impaired customer satisfaction, and damaged 
reputation. Therefore, managing availability in distributed information systems has 
emerged as a critical concern for organizations across various industries. 
The objective of availability management is to proactively plan, design, 
implement, and maintain strategies and measures that ensure the continuous and 
reliable operation of distributed information systems. This involves addressing 
potential vulnerabilities and implementing appropriate controls to minimize the 

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occurrence and impact of disruptions. By effectively managing availability, 
organizations can enhance their ability to meet user expectations, deliver uninterrupted 
services, and maintain a competitive edge in the digital landscape. This paper focuses 
on exploring various methods of managing availability in distributed information 
systems. We will delve into the key challenges faced by organizations in maintaining 
high availability levels and present a comprehensive analysis of different approaches 
and techniques employed to mitigate disruptions and minimize downtime. By 
understanding and implementing these methods, organizations can enhance the 
resilience and reliability of their information systems, enabling them to provide 
uninterrupted access to critical information, applications, and services. The methods of 
managing availability in distributed information systems encompass a wide range of 
considerations. These include implementing fault tolerance mechanisms to tolerate 
component failures, establishing redundancy to provide backup alternatives, employing 
load balancing techniques to distribute workload efficiently, developing robust disaster 
recovery plans, and implementing proactive monitoring systems. Each method plays a 
vital role in enhancing the availability of distributed information systems and reducing 
the risk of downtime. Furthermore, this paper will highlight the importance of a 
comprehensive and proactive approach to availability management. Organizations need 
to identify and assess potential risks, develop strategies to mitigate those risks, and 
continuously monitor and evaluate the performance of their information systems to 
ensure optimal availability. By adopting such an approach, organizations can minimize 
the impact of disruptions and swiftly respond to incidents, thereby maintaining the 
highest levels of availability for their distributed information systems. 
In conclusion, managing availability in distributed information systems is a 
critical undertaking that demands attention and effort from organizations. By 
implementing effective methods and strategies, organizations can enhance the 
reliability, resilience, and availability of their information systems. This paper aims to 
provide valuable insights, best practices, and practical guidance to assist organizations 

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in their quest to manage availability effectively and ensure uninterrupted access to 
critical information and services. 
The purpose of work-to analyze methods of managing availability in distributed 
information systems on this graduation qualification work. 
The following tasks were set as the task of the graduation work: 
1. 
Distributed systems and their architecture 
2. 
Threats to distributed systems and their vulnerabilities 
3. 
Methods and tools for securing distributed systems 
4. 
Methods of access control and their analysis 
5. 
Access control and security models in distributed systems 
The thesis consists of an introduction, 3 parts, a conclusion, a list of references. 
In the 1
st
chapter, distributed systems and threats to them were analyzed. 
In the 2
nd 
chapter, access control techniques and their use in distributed systems 
were reviewed.
In the 3
rd
chapter, the problems of life safety and ecology are presented.