Ministry of higher and secondary special education uzbekistan state university of world languages department of theoretical sciences of english language

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The third purpose of theories is to generate new research by asking new questions. For example, consider the theory that people engage in self-harming behaviors such as cutting themselves because they reduce negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety, and anger. This theory immediately raises some new and interesting questions. In fact, is there any statistical relationship between the cut and the amount of negative emotion felt? Is it causal? If so, what in the cut has this effect? Is it the pain, the image of the wound or something else? Does haircut affect all negative emotions equally?
Note that a theory doesn't have to be exact to serve this purpose. Even an incorrect theory can generate interesting new research questions. Of course, if the theory is incorrect, the answers to new questions will tend to be inconsistent with the theory. This will cause researchers to re-evaluate the theory and revise it or abandon it in search of a new one. And this is how scientific theories become more detailed and precise over time.
Many theories
At any given time, researchers typically consider multiple theories for any given set of phenomena. One of the reasons is that human behavior is extremely complex, it is always possible to look at it from different angles. For example, a biological theory of sexual orientation might focus on the role of sex hormones in key stages of brain development, while a sociocultural theory might focus on on the cultural factors that influence the presentation of underlying biological trends. The second reason is that, even from the same point of view, there are often different ways of 'overcoming' the phenomenon of interest. For example, besides the theory of promoting social facilitation and social inhibition, there is another theory that explains them in terms of a construct called "appraisal aversion" - anxiety about being judged. by the public. Both theories go beyond phenomena that need to be explained, but they do so by suggesting slightly different underlying processes.
Different theories about the same set of phenomena can complement each other, each providing a piece of a larger puzzle. A biological theory of sexual orientation and a sociocultural theory of sexual orientation can accurately describe different aspects of the same complex phenomenon. Likewise, social facilitation may result from both general physiological arousal and apprehension apprehension. But different theories about the same phenomenon can also compete in the sense that if one is correct the other may not. For example, an alternative theory of dissociative identity disorder - the post-traumatic theory - holds that changes are unconsciously produced by the patient as a means of coping with sexual abuse or another traumatic experience. Given that social cognitive theory and post-traumatic stress disorder attribute dissociative identity disorder to fundamentally different processes, it seems unlikely that both can be exact. See note 4.10 "Where do multiple personalities come from?" to learn more about these competing theories.
The fact that there are several theories for a set of phenomena does not mean that one theory is as good as another or that it is impossible to know whether one theory offers the correct explanation or interpretation. Instead, scientists are constantly comparing theories for their ability to organize phenomena, predict outcomes in new situations, and generate research. The theories that work poorly are considered less accurate and discarded, while the theories that work well are said to be more accurate and retained and compared with newer and hopefully good theories. than. Although scientists generally do not believe that their theories have ever given completely accurate descriptions of the world, they do argue that this process produces theories that come closer and closer to the ideal. This. Where does multiple personality come from? The dissociative identity disorder (DID) literature presents two competing theories. Social cognitive theory holds that DID arises because the patient is aware of the disorder, knows its features, and is encouraged by therapists to adopt multiple personalities.⁷ Post-traumatic stress theory suggests that multiple personalities develop as a way of coping with sexual abuse or other trauma. There are now several lines of evidence in favor of the social cognitive model over the post-traumatic model (Lilienfeld & Lynn, 2003).
The diagnosis of DID increased dramatically after the release of the book and movie Sybil - about a woman with DID - in the 1970s. DID is extremely rare outside of North America. A very small percentage of therapists are responsible for diagnosing the majority of cases of DID. DID treatment materials include many practices that encourage patients to act on multiple personalities (e.g., have a bulletin board on which personalities can leave messages to each other). The average person can easily reproduce the symptoms of DID with minimal prompting in simulated clinical interviews.