Ministry of higher education, science and innovation bukhara state university foreign languages faculty

2.Several types of dicting .
To study the different types of diction is to understand a person’s choice of words. This gives the reader or listener an insight on the speaker or writer’s character. This is especially true in writing. Writers gain credibility by using the right words, style and tone of voice. . . . The different types of diction may differ by character, situation and settings. To evaluate diction, just identify the opposing types, i.e. formal vs. informal, abstract vs. concrete or colloquial vs. pedantic, etc. . , Basic Types/Styles. Also called abstract imagery, abstract diction is using language – i.e., words and phrases – to describe things that cannot be perceived by the five senses, which are touch, smell, sight, hearing, and taste. In other words, if you describe something as being pleasant or a person as being loved, these can be considered abstract diction. Abstract diction is subjective, as compared to concrete diction, because its meaning depends on people’s perceptions and their life experiences. . In other words, the exact definition of the item or emotion being talked about varies from one individual to another, so describing an object as attractive or pleasing may mean very different things to different people. You are, in essence, describing concepts rather than concrete images when using abstract diction. Colloquial Expressions. . . Colloquial expressions include words and phrases that are unique to the local community. The language is directly influenced by how people speak in that particular area of the world. If you are a writer and wish to convey an idea or figure of speech that is only found in a particular state or county, your work can gain a tremendous amount of realism that will make readers connect more with what you’re writing. Colloquial expressions also include idioms that are peculiar or even strange but which are regularly used by that particular culture. They are casual, everyday expressions that local people use without much thought, and they can even include slang language and language that is crude or profane.
Concrete. . Concrete diction is just what the name implies – a concrete idea or description of something. If you tell someone a lemon is yellow, they know exactly what you mean because they know what that color looks like, and they can then picture the item in their head. In fact, any time you use a noun or an adjective that is very specific in nature, that is an example of concrete diction. . Concrete words used in diction include dog, cat, computer, radio, ice cube, hat, tree, etc. They describe items that result in a specific image in people’s minds, so there is no confusion as to what the words mean. They also describe things that can be perceived by using the five senses – touch, smell, hearing, sight, and taste. Connotation. . If a word or phrase has both a literal meaning and a certain feeling or emotion attached to it, this is what is meant by a connotation. The feeling or emotion doesn’t necessarily have to be realistic or true, but anything that is associated with a certain phrase or word is its connotation. If you mention Wall Street to someone, they usually associate that with power and wealth, even though the term is simply a way to describe a street in Manhattan, and this is a great example of a connotation of something. If you use the terms “Mom” and “Dad” when describing your parents, it can result in people having the connotation that your parents are loving and devoted, instead of merely being a mother or father. Connotations can be either positive or negative, depending on their use, and every day thousands of words elicit certain connotations, which is why writers use this technique so often. Denotation[3.30]. . In contrast to a connotation, denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word or phrase and not the emotions or feelings that the words or phrases elicit. When you use a specific word, phrase, or symbol to portray the meaning of something, you’re using a denotation of the word. Denotation diction is taking something literally, so if you hear that someone is drifting away from morals or from a certain location, you’ll know that the person speaking or writing is using a literal reference and not an implied one or one that may be ambiguous. You can take whatever is said and written at face value, as opposed to wondering exactly what the speaker or writer is trying to convey. . Dialect. . If a certain group of people use a unique language, pronunciation, or spelling of words, this is called a dialect. A perfect example is the story of Huckleberry Finn, which contains hundreds of examples of a dialect used by the people of that era and that location. Many famous poems have great examples of local dialect in them, and you can find unique dialect almost anywhere in the country, and even in other parts of the world. . . In fact, many dialects are so unique that they are difficult to understand by people who do not live in that location, and in some instances a dialect can even sound like a foreign language to the speakers of the mother language. Dialect can include words, phrases, or even how a certain area spells a particular word, but it always refers to a one-of-a-kind way to describe, verbalize, or spell something in the end. . Formal. . When people write an article or composition or speak to a live audience, they usually use formal diction, which is usually characterized by language that is sophisticated and often technical in nature. It is much more formal-sounding than the more casual language people use when speaking to friends or family members. Writing a college term paper or composing an article for a medical or other professional journal requires formal diction, but this isn’t a requirement every time. Many novels, short stories, and poems sometimes use more casual or informal diction, but whenever the speaker or writer is addressing a more educated, sophisticated audience, formal diction is almost always used. There are many instances where speaking and writing using formal diction works best, and it is always preferred with certain audiences. . Informal .
Contrasting with formal diction, informal diction is much more casual and relaxed, and it is what most of us use on a daily basis when talking to friends or colleagues. In fact, you can even use local dialect or phrases that are familiar only to a certain group of people when using informal diction. This type of diction is often used when writing an email, a personal letter to a family member, and in conversation.[3.56]. . It has a relaxed, easy-to-understand manner that anyone can relate to, and it works best with certain audiences, such as when you’re addressing a large audience and you are speaking about something that is non-technical in nature. Informal diction is very simple to understand and non-confrontational, not to mention not intimidating, which means everyone can feel comfortable with it. Jargon. . Jargon is usually geared towards specific professions or careers, and it includes specialized terms, phrases, and words that are often not understood by people outside of the profession. A doctor, lawyer, or engineer may use jargon in papers or when speaking to other people in the same career field, and it is almost always technical in nature. Jargon can include abbreviations that are commonly known within a certain profession, such as JT for joint and BP for blood pressure among medical doctors, as well as terms such as due diligence and sweat equity among business people. Jargon isn’t necessarily complicated or too difficult to learn, but it is always a type of speech that pertains only to a specific group of people, a manner of speaking that saves these people time and effort. Neutral. . Neutral diction consists of writing or speaking that is free of any type of specialized language, including idioms, contractions, slang, and colloquialisms. It is language that is geared towards the general population, a population that can be both educated and uneducated, from small towns and big cities, and from all walks of life. This is why neutral diction is so important, because many speakers and writers find themselves in situations where they need to address broad, general-interest audiences who may not understand what they’re trying to convey if their speech or paper is too complex or gender- or career-specific. Neutral writing and speaking serves a multitude of functions, and it is the most common form in most parts of the country and the world.