Mirzayeva ozoda course work theme: Female characters in Shakespeare's comedies (Portia ("The Merchant of Venice"), Rosalind

2.2. The elements of Shakespeare’s Tragedy

The story of Venus and Adonis is one such tale. Here's how it goes: Venus, the goddess of love, fell for the handsome hunter Adonis. Adonis, who was a bit of a snob, believed he was the best hunter in the world and that nothing could ever

_{happen to him. One day Venus dreamed that Adonis had an accident while hunting.}


¹⁷ Wang Zuoliang (1992). 12. Shakespeare William (2009). The works of William Shakespeare[M]. Charleston: Bilbao Life, p.65.
Tragedy can be classified in a broad and narrow way. The narrowly defined tragedy refers to a kind ff artistic style and dramatic genre, which has a relative status with comedy. The broadly defined Tragedy is a category of aesthetics. It includes realistic aesthetic, artistic aesthetic etc. Originating from The ancient Greece and developing afterwards till now, the European tragedy has a long history of more Than 2000
_years.

On the premise that the ancient Greek tragedies depicted the human being itself, and using the Prototype of myths, they interpreted the myths in a new way and used them to reflect the social reality and express their own point of view to different kinds of things. The ordinary way of creating was: The hero was the main character in the story. They had a noble character, but always were ruined by the Upheaval of their fate. By using this way, the audience felt painful, sad and even horrible. The way of Expression for tragedy had always influenced the western concept of tragedy for more than 1000 years. The Renaissance originating from Italy in the 14^th century brought about new thoughts, the thought Of Christian theology met brand-new challenge. What people more concerned about was human being Rather God. The theory of tragedy centered on “God” in the period of the ancient Greece and Rome Gave place to the theory of tragedy centered on “human being” in this period. The Enlightenment In the 18^th century was another anti-feudal cultural movement. In the aspect of drama, the thinkers in The Enlightenment period carried out a fight against the popular classicism, and gradually founded the Realistic drama in the period. It was a succession and development to the tragically realism in the Renaissance period. From the 19^th and 20^th centuries, human being stepped into a period of Modernism and post-modernism. The development of the social civilization didn’t bring about warmth for the people. On the contrary, the absurd and indifferent reality brought anguish and despair to people. The development of European tragedy theory was a process of alternation, and development between Irrationalism and rationalism. During the process, the theory of tragedy was enriched and developed. And it provided playwrights with deep theoretical basis.

Tragedies almost always end in death and destruction, as opposed to comedies, which end in marriage. It is often strongly implied that the characters’ fates are outside of their control, giving their doom a sense of inevitability. Many Shakespearean tragedies, but not all, involve an element of ¹⁸revenge. A tragedy, according to Aristotle is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain kind of artistic ornaments with several being separated at the end of Each part of the play which is in the form of action not of narrative, involving, Incidents arousing pity and fear where with to accomplish the catharsis of such Emotions. Tragic hero is generally person of importance tragic hero shows Extraordinary capabilities and a tragic flaw tragic flaw fatal error in judgment or Weakness in character that leads to downfall. A tragedy is a narrative about serious and Important actions that end unhappily. Usually a tragedy ends with the deaths of the Main characters. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres. He raised to the pea Of sophistication and the artistry by the end of the 16thcentury.recounts a series of Event in the life of a person of significant, the tragic hero. The purpose of tragedy is to Arouse the emotions of pity and fear in audience a tragedy shows missed potential. Tragic hero is usually at the peak of his carrier with everything going well for him When tragedy strikes. The tragic hero usually dies at the end of the play. The tragic Hero is essentially a good man with a character weakness tragic flaw. The tragic hero is Faced with external forces of pressures that require him to make the wrong decision And because of his tragic flaw both plays and poems were included in it. The Important element in it was the story and not character. It was made to fall by chance Or fate or gods, Shakespeare changed all this expect in one detail, after examining his Four tragedy thus’’ tragedy with Shakespeare is conceded always with persons of high Degree: often Kings or princes or leaders in the state, like
_{Coriolanus, Brutus, Antonio As in Romeo Juliet with members of great houses.}


¹⁸ Kieran Donaghy and Daniel Xerri. THE IMAGE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING. ISBN 978-99957-1-151-1. ELT Council, Gutenberg Press 2017.
Whose quarrels are of leading to The death of a man in high estate, but no amount of calamity leading to the death of a Man in high state. But no amount of calamity which merely befell a man, descending from the clouds’ like lighting, could alone provide the substance of its story. The calamities of a tragedy do not simply happen nor are they sent from heaven or are the results of god’s wrath.
The Substance of Shakespearean Tragedy.
We ought to be able to some extent to describe this aspect and way in terms addressed to the understanding, such a description so for as it is true and adequate may, after these explanations be called indifferently an account of the substance of Shakespeare tragedy are an account of Shakespeare conception of tragedy or tragedy or view of the tragic fact. Two further warnings may be required in the first place. We must remember that the tragic aspect of life is only one aspect. We cannot arrive at Shakespeare’s whole dramatic way of looking at the world from his tragedies alone as we can arrive at Milton’s way of regarding things. In approaching our subject it will be best without attempting to shorten the path by reforming to famous, theories of the drama. The story next leads up to and includes, the death of the hero on the one hand no play at the end of which the here remains alive is, in the full Shakespearean sense a tragedy: and we no longer class Troilus and Cressida or Cymbeline as such, as did the editions of the folio. On the other hand, the story depicts also the troubled part of the hero’s life. When we are immersed in a tragedy we feel towards dispositions actions and persons such emotions as attraction and repulsion pity wonder fear horror perhaps hatred but we do not judge. This is a point of view which emerges only when in reading a play we slip by our own fault or the dramatists’ from the tragic position or when, in thinking about the play afterwards, we fall back on our everyday legal and moral notions. But tragedy does not belong any more than religion belongs to the sphere of these notions nether dose the imaginative attitude in presence of it while we are in its world we watch is seeing that so it happened and must have happened feeling that it is piteous dreadful awful mysterious but neither passing sentence on the argents nor asking whether the
behavior of the ultimate power towards them is just and therefore the use of such language in attempts to render our imaginative experience it terms of the understanding is to say the use of such language in attempts to render our imaginative experience.
The period from the 14th century to the middle of the 17th century was the period of Renaissance symbolizing the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society. "Thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity were the two characteristics of this period." It was a little bit late for the Renaissance to spread to Britain, but great achievements were acquired, among which the plays by William Shakespeare reached the ultimate peak and enjoyed the greatest glory. The period when Shakespeare began his tragedy production was an alternation between the old age and the new age. For one thing, the established feudal lords did their best to maintain the old social order, while the newly rising bourgeoisies wanted to occupy a leading social status. The sharp confrontation between the two classes resulted in the violent struggle for power and the deterioration of the ordinary people. The sharp and complicated social contradiction resulted in the turmoil and unease of the society. Facing this kind of social situation, Shakespeare created his critical and gloomy "great tragedies". Shakespeare's tragedies were ones that exposing the darkness, dissecting the human nature, and manifesting the power of justice and truth. The contents of Shakespeare's tragedies were various, relating to all aspects of social life, among which the earliest one to gain success was Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare's production of tragedy gained great achievements. From the aspects of theme, scenario, character and language etc, his works of ¹⁹ tragedies deeply reflected the social life of the Renaissance Britain. He exposed and criticized the dark society, completely dissecting human nature. Shakespeare often borrowed themes from both home and abroad, like the story of the ancient Greek and Roman myths, the chronicles of
_{Britain and so on. The characters in his tragedies often succeeded from those in the}


¹⁹ Quecan, Lucia, "Visual Aids Make a Big Impact on ESL Students: A Guidebook for ESL Teachers" (2021). Master's Projects and
ancient Geek and Roman myths. They were often closely related and more based on reality and time compared with the original myths story. It was a direct and true reaction to the social life of Shakespeare's time.
The period from the 14^th century to the middle of the 17^th century was the

period of Renaissance Symbolizing the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society. “Thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity were the two characteristics of this Period.” It was a little bit late for the Renaissance to spread to Britain, but great achievements Were acquired, among which the plays by William Shakespeare reached the ultimate peak and enjoyed the greatest glory. The period when Shakespeare began his tragedy production was an alternation between the old age and the new age. For one thing, the established feudal lords did their best to maintain the old social order, while the newly rising bourgeoisies wanted to occupy a leading social status. The sharp confrontation between the two classes resulted in the violent struggle for power and the deterioration of the ordinary people. The sharp and complicated social contradiction resulted in the turmoil and unease of the society. Facing this kind of social situation, Shakespeare created his critical and gloomy "great tragedies". Shakespeare's tragedies were ones that exposing the darkness, dissecting the human nature, and manifesting the power of justice and truth. The contents of Shakespeare's tragedies were various, relating to all aspects of social life, among which the earliest one to gain success was Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare's production of tragedy gained great achievements. From the aspects of theme, scenario, character and language etc, his works of tragedies deeply reflected the social life of the Renaissance Britain. He exposed and criticized the dark society, completely dissecting human nature. Shakespeare often borrowed themes from both home and abroad, like the story of the ancient Greek and Roman myths, the chronicles of Britain and so on. The characters in his tragedies often succeeded from those in the ancient Geek and Roman myths. They were often closely related and more based on reality and time compared with the original myths story. It was a direct and true reaction to the social life of Shakespeare's time.