Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

A bull in a china shop: the idiom describes a clumsy person.
A white elephant – it is a waste of money because it is completely useless.
The green-eyed monster is jealousy, the image being drawn from Othello.

5. 
   When has Phraseology become an independent branch of Linguistics?
   

In the 20^th century with Swiss linguist Charles Bally’s work “Le traitede stylistique francaise” where he introduced the notion of phraseological expressions as specific word groups characterized by their structural and semantic inseparability.

6. 
   Find 5 idioms with component ‘ear’ in English and Uzbek and analyse their types
   

all ears –Ideophraseomatic

1. 
   To say that you are all ears means that you are listening very attentively.
   "Of course I want to know - I'm all ears!"
   

fall on deaf ears-Idiomatic

2. 
   If something such as a suggestion or a request falls on deaf ears, it is ignored.
   "I told Mark not to take any risks, but my advice fell on deaf ears."
   

go in one ear and come out the other-Phraseomatic

3. 
   To say that information goes in one ear and comes out the other means that it is immediately forgotten or ignored.
   "I keep telling him about the risks but it goes in one ear and out the other. He never listens!"
   

grin from ear to ear-Phraseomatic

4. 
   If somebody is grinning from ear to ear, they look very satisfied and happy.
   "When we saw Paul grinning from ear to ear, we knew he had passed the exam."
   

keep your ear to the ground-Phraseomatic

5. 
   If you keep your ear to the ground, you make sure that you are aware of all that is happening and being said.
   "We don't know what has been decided, but Jack is keeping his ear to the ground!"
   

Yaxshi gapga quloq sol, 
Yomon gapga uloq sol.-Idiophraseomatic

Yaxshi gapning ham qulog'i bor, 
Yomon gapning — ham.-Idiomatic


Devorni ham qulog’I bor-Idiomatic


Ko’z ko’rib, quloq eshitmagan-Idiophraseomatic


Bo’rini eslasang qulog’I ko’rinadi-Ideophraseomatic

7. 
   What are adjectival phraseological units? Provide examples
   

Adjectival phraseological unit consists of components with close relations who decides to fulfill its meaning. Understanding the phraseological unit depends on the different types of context, because the linguistic context is important to distinguish the constituent members of a unit.
Red meat — консервированная говядина. Black Friday — бедный день. Black Monday — первый учебный день после каникул. White light — дневной свет. White man — дисциплинированный человек. Blue study — погружаться в дом. Blue blood — семья аристократов.

8. 
   What is a cumulative function in PhUs? Provide examples
   

The cumulative function reflect generalization of life experience of the people or individuals ;
Proverbs carry out the cumulative function, which means “increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions of experience” expressed laconically;
E.g. Prevention is better than cure (or US an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure) - it's easier to stop something happening in the first place than to repair the damage after it has happened;
The definition is much longer than the proverb itself, as semantic compression, is one of the displays of language economy in PhUs (laconicisation). Make the speech shorter.

9. 
   What features of idioms make them difficult for translation? Provide examples
   

An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase. Categorized as formulaic language, an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning.During the process of translating idiomatic expression, the problems of translation may show up. As mentioned by Wright (2002, p. 10), translating idiom is considered to be difficult, since idiom cannot be translated as word for word. Translator should understand the meaning first before translating the whole meaning.

10. 
    What phrasal verbs are called transitive? Provide examples
    

A transitive phrasal verb takes an object, for example: Hang up your jacket. When a phrasal verb is transitive, it's possible to put the object between the verb and the adverb/preposition, or put it afterwards. There is no difference in meaning.
Here are some other examples of transitive phrasal verbs: Before you use the computer you need to turn it on. She looked at the magazine then put it down. There are lots of dead leaves in the garden.

11. 
    How can a word meaning be changed? Provide examples
    

The term semantic change refers to how the meaning of words changes over time. We will cover five types of semantic change: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, and semantic reclamation. It is important to remember that the nature of semantic change is a gradual process. The meaning of a word doesn't just change in an instant, it can take many years.
Semantic change often occurs as societal values change. This means that different social or ethnic groups may experience semantic change differently for different words. There are two different causes of semantic change. These are extralinguistic causes (not involving language) and linguistic causes (involving language). Extralinguistic causes in semantic change are mainly to do with the social or historical causes of semantic change. If we break the term 'extralinguistic' down we can see that it refers to factors that are 'extra' so exist outside the language itself.

Eg. CHEATER

A cheater was originally an officer appointed to look after the king's escheats—the land lapsing to the Crown on the death of the owner intestate without heirs. As William Gurnall wrote in 1662, “[A] Cheater may pick the purses of ignorant people, by shewing them something like the Kings Broad Seal, which was indeed his own forgery.” Mistrust of the king’s cheaters led the word into its current sense: a dishonest gamester or a swindler.

GIRL

Girl once meant a child or young person of either sex. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer says of the summoner, “In daunger hadde he at his owene gise/ The yonge girles of the diocise.” In modern English, that’s, “In his own power had he, and at ease/ Young people of the entire diocese.”

MEAT

Beginning in Old English, meat meant solid food (as opposed to drink) or fodder for animals. In A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775), Samuel Johnson noted, “Our guides told us, that the horses could not travel all day without rest or meat.” Generally, the word’s meaning has narrowed to refer only to the flesh of mammals, and in some regions, only pork or beef, but some Scottish dialects retain the older meaning of any kind of food.

12. 
    What difficulties do we come across in translation of proverbs?
    

Proverbs express the wisdom of a nation and they are closely related to its culture. During the translation process, we might encounter a lot of difficulties with the non-linguistic features. The translation of proverbs includes feelings, history, religion, and the ways of living and thinking, all of which are part of a specific culture. Therefore, when we analyse proverbs, we are also analyzing the culture of a specific country, the period when these proverbs were first used, the manner how these proverbs were understood years ago, how people understand them now, etc.

13. 
    Who was the founder of the term “phraseological expression”?
    

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language, the object of study of which is stable combinations of words - phraseological units (PU). The founder of the theory of phraseology is Charles Bally, a Swiss linguist of French origin.

14. 
    The majority of substantive phraseological units are anthropocentric. What does it mean?