Monocomplementive, tran-sit I vc The railings

§ 18. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action
simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depend­
ing on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the pres­
ent, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens) Oh MOweT n.ihiTb Miioro MacoB noapaa, He yciaBaa. She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy) OHa m/ia, He noBopaiHBan ro;iOBbi.
Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet. (Eliot) rBeiwo/ien He ycnoKOHrcsi, noKa Becb Mnp ue 6yaeT y ee Hor. No one could pass in or out without being seen. (Dickens) Hhkto ue Mor hh boHth, hh bijMth t3k, mto6m ero He BH,aeaH.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the
finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him. OHa OTpnuaer, mo roBopn;ia c hum.
He was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett)
EMy 6bi/io CTbuno, mto oh upoHBH/i pa3apa>KeHHe, xoth h OMeHb c/ia6oe. She really had been crying. ..out of anger at having been driv­en so hard. (Heym)
OHa aeHcTBHTe^bHO n.naKa.Ta..., B03MymeHnan TeM, mo c nen TaK >KecTOKO nocTynH/in.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I don't remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy)
$ He noMHio, mto6i>i h Kor.aa-Hn6y.ab cuimajia 9Ty aerenay.
You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins)
Bu ao;i/KHbi H3BHHHTb Menu 3a to, mto a ue OTneTH/i BaM paHbme.
I thank you for restraining me just now. (Ch. Bronte)
ft 6/iaroaapeH BaM 3a to, mto bm cettMac no.Mor.iH MHe caep>KaTbca.
On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade.
(Collins)
BbiHaa H3 aoMa, mm HanpaBH-nncb b TeHb.
After walking about ten yards, he found the hat among the
leaves. (Hardy)
npoftaa apaoB ziecaTb, oh Haujea cboio iuaany b KycTax.
She passes through and disappears in the pantry without noticing
the young lady. (Shaw)
OHa npoxoAHT h ncMe3aeT b 6y(peTHon, He 3aMeiHB Mo/io/iyio
AeByujKy.
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The Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above men­tioned verbs and prepositions.
He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy)
On ue noMim.'i, mto6ij Kor.aa-HH6y.ai> 6i»m b sron KOMnaTe.
After having denied herself to everybody, Miss Rachel, to our
astonishment, walked into the midst of us of her own accord.
(Collins)
Hoc/ie Toro KaK mhcc PsMe/i 0TKa3a/iacb BH^eTb Koro 6bi to hh
6wao, ona, k HauieMy yaHB.ieinuo, Bbiiuaa k HaM no CBoeMy co6-
CTBeHHOMy /Ke.'iaiiHio.
They parted at Cohen's door without having spoken to each
other again. (Eliot)
Ohh pacciaaucb y aBepn aoMa K'osHa, He CKa3aB apyr .apyry hh
caoBa.