Monocomplementive, tran-sit I vc The railings

CHAPTER XII
FINITE VERB: INTRODUCTION
§ 1. The finite forms of the verb express the processual relations of substances and phenomena making up the situa­tion reflected in the sentence. These forms are associated with one another in an extremely complex and intricate system. The peculiar aspect of the complexity of this system lies in the fact that, as we have stated before, the finite verb is di­rectly connected with the structure of the sentence as a whole. Indeed, the finite verb, through the working of its categories, is immediately related to such sentence-constitutive factors as morphological forms of predication, communication pur­poses, subjective modality, subject-object relation, gradation of probabilities, and quite a few other factors of no lesser importance.
As has been mentioned elsewhere, the complicated char­acter of the system in question has given rise to a lot of con­troversies about the structural formation of the finite verb categories, as well as the bases of their functional semantics. It would be not an exaggeration to say that each fundamental


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, Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly green after the rain of the night before. (Dreiser) He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the door. (Eliot)

THE GERUND*3

. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
Active Passive

writing having written

Indefinite Perfect

being written having been written

§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.