Morphemes and their types

e.g. He came. – He did come.
He lives. – he does live.
You look well. – You do look well.
2) synonymic forms of the Imperative mood:
e.g. Come! – Do come!
3) synonymic parallelism of the neutral the Imperative mood forms and their stylistically marked synonyms with the expressed subject:
e.g. Don’t forget! – Don’t you forget!
Thus, the system of EMs on morphological level of the English language is quite poor. It is determined by the analytical structure of the language. The system of stylistic devices, on the other hand, is very rich in English. A SD is understood as a meaningful shift in the normal distribution of speech units in syntagmatic sequence. On morphological level we deal with the shift in normal distribution of morphemes and word-forms. And we have 2 cases here:
1)A SD appears as a result of the deviation from the neutral combinability
of morphemes in the word structure, for example:
a) some uncountable nouns – sand, water, time can in some contexts take plural ending sands, waters, times which is not common characteristic of them. As a result these forms acquire not only the plural meaning, but they also acquire additional expressiveness;
b) the verbs of sense-perception – to see, to know, to feel are not normally used in Continuous forms, but there can be contexts when they are used in Continuous forms and add suffix –ing. In such cases they express not only the meaning of the duration of an action, they also acquire the expressive meaning of the intensiveness of the action:
e.g. I’m seeing a good many churches on my way south. (L. Hartley).
Some other verbs can also be used to express the meaning of intensiveness with the help of Continuous forms. Thus, the magazine “English Language Teaching” compares two sentences belonging to colloquial and to official styles:
a) If you are dinning out very often there isn’t the time to study official papers.
b) If one dines out very often, one has,alas, no time left to study state documents
adequately.
The magazine points out that the colloquial style of the first sentence is created due to the usage of the Continuous forms of the verb “to dine”.
2) A SD can be created by the deviation from contextual distribution: a word-form is used in an unexpected context where it can acquire some additional unusual meaning. Words of all parts of speech have a great stylistic potential. Being placed in an unusual syntagmatic environment which changes their grammatical characteristics and combinability, they acquire stylistic significance.
The central notion of stylistic morphology is the notion of transposition. Transposition – is a divergence between the traditional usage of a neutral word and its situational stylistic usage. Thus, a SD on morphological level is created as a result of the change of syntagmatic sequence of morphemes in the structure of a word or as a result of the change of the syntagmatic sequence of word-forms in a sentence.
Kinds of morphological combination
How many morphemes do you think the word feet contains? If more than one, what are they?
A root combines with one or more grammatical morphemes in various ways. In this section, we'll look at the different possibilities that exist in the world's languages.
Affixation
Grammatical morphemes can be added before, after, and within roots.
The examples we've seen so far involve adding grammatical morphemes before or after the root. When they precede the root, they are called prefixes; when they follow it, they are called suffixes. We can also speak of the processes of adding these morphemes; these are called prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation and suffixation are the most common ways in which grammatical morphemes combine with roots in the world's languages. Note that a single word can include more than one suffix and more than one prefix. For example, the word muddier includes two suffixes, -y (spelled "i" in this word) and -er.
In English the root of a word with one or more prefixes or suffixes is usually a word in its own right. Thus the root of walked, walk, is a word, and the root of taller, tall, is a word. This is not always true in other languages. In Japanese, Spanish, Lingala, and Inuktitut for example, every verb must have a grammatical suffix of one sort or another; the root cannot occur by itself. The Japanese verb yobu means 'call + present'; that is, 'call' in the present time. It consists of the root yob- 'sing' and the grammatical morpheme -u 'present', but yob- cannot occur by itself as a word; in fact it is not even a pronounceable Japanese syllable.

There are also two less common ways to add a grammatical morpheme. One is a single morpheme that combines a part before the root and a part after the root. For example, the Amharic verb alhedεm means 'he didn't go'. In this word the part that makes the negative, that is, that corresponds to English not consists of two parts, al- and -m. Such a morpheme is called a circumfix.

Another possibility is a morpheme that gets inserted within a root, breaking up the phonemes of the root. Such a morpheme is called an infix. In Tzeltal infixation can apply to some verbs for human actions to yield a form used for counting the actions. For example, lotz is a verb root meaning 'strike with the hand', and the word lojtz is used for counting blows of the hand. This word consists of the root lotz and the infix -j-, which is inserted right after the vowel in the root.
Suffixes, prefixes, circumfixes, and infixes are all types of affixes, morphemes that are added to a root.
Mutation
Additional morphemes don't necessarily mean longer words.
Rather than add material, a grammatical morpheme can change some part of the root; this is called mutation. English examples include the past forms of some verbs. From the verb root sing, there is the past form sang; from the verb root take the past form took. In sang, the vowel in the root, /I/, has been changed to /æ/. In took, the vowel in the root, /e/, has been changed to /U/.
In sign languages it is relatively simple to produce separate morphemes simultaneously. In this sort of case, we can see a grammatical morpheme as modifying the lexical morpheme that it is superimposed on, a kind of mutation. For example, the basic sign for 'give' is shown below; it can be produced with either one or two hands.