Page 22, Questions 1, 2

Page 22, Questions 1, 2.

1. In the first text, Mr. James Duffy lived in Chapelizod because he wanted to live far from the city, finding other suburbs of Dublin unattractive, modern, and pretentious. In this context, 'modern' suggests a negative view, implying that these suburbs have an artificial, shallow, or insincere sense of modernity. This makes 'modern' seem like a negative quality.

2. In the second passage, 'some' is used to describe a doctor, suggesting that this doctor is exceptional or outstanding in their field. 'Some' here means remarkable or impressive. This indicates a positive and respectful quality about the doctor.

These examples highlight that words like 'modern' and 'some' can change their meanings depending on the context in which they are used. While dictionaries provide general definitions, understanding the specific context is crucial for fully grasping the intended meaning of these words in a given text.

Page 24, Questions 1, 2.

1. In the first passage, the metaphor is used to describe the snow covering Gopher Prairie. It suggests that the snow dominates the town, erasing any illusion of it being a shelter. The metaphor is somewhat common, but the idea of the snow 'devouring' the prairie adds a unique touch.

2. In the second passage, the metaphor highlights the enormous and ornate nature of the skirts, comparing them to 'vast decorated pyramids' with 'the upper half of a princess' at the top. This emphasizes the opulence and extravagance of the fashion. The metaphor is imaginative and creative.

In both cases, the metaphors enhance expressiveness and imagery in the texts. They vividly convey the ideas and create strong mental images for the readers.

Page 25. Questions 1, 2.

1. In the first example, metonymy is present in the expressions "her pictures," "her bronzes and clays," and "the creator of this." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted with another that it's closely associated with. Here, the objects mentioned (pictures, bronzes, clays) stand for the artists who created them, linking the creator to the creation. The relation between the named object and the implied one represents the association between the art piece and its artist. These metonymies are moderately original as they're commonly used to denote the creator through the creation. Their syntactical function is to emphasize the association between the artist and their work.

2. The second example includes metonymy in the phrase "broke with Rome." Here, "Rome" stands metonymically for the Catholic Church. The implied relation is that "Rome" symbolizes the Church's authority and power. This metonymy is not highly original, as it's a commonly understood association. Its syntactical function is to represent a break with the Church by symbolically referencing "Rome," the center of Catholic authority.