Moscow, Russian Federation September 21, 2007
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- Political and governmental instability, including conflicts between central and regional authorities, or social
- Adoption of national security laws limiting foreign ownership could result in a loss of investments, which
- Deterioration of Russia’s relations with other countries could materially adversely affect the Subsidiaries’ business, financial condition and results of operations
- The reversal of reform policies or the implementation of governmental policies in Russia targeted at specific
- Crime and corruption could disrupt the Subsidiaries’ ability to conduct business
- Legal Risks and Uncertainties Weaknesses relating to the legal system create an uncertain environment for investment and business activity
- Transactions in non-compliance with applicable legal requirements
- Legal uncertainties relating to privatizations of the Subsidiaries’ assets may exist
- The Subsidiaries may be liable for the obligations of their legal predecessors
- Any increase or change in governmental regulation of the Subsidiaries’ operations could restrict their ability to conduct their operations or to do so profitably
- The Subsidiaries’ assets will be subject to the risk of expropriation and nationalization
- Unlawful, selective or arbitrary governmental action may have an adverse effect on the Subsidiaries’ business and financial condition
- Russian companies can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal non-compliance with certain requirements of Russian law
- The licenses that the Subsidiaries require for their businesses may be invalidated or may not be issued or
- Difficulties exist in ascertaining the validity and enforceability of title to land or other real property in Russia and the extent to which it is encumbered
Political Risks Investments in businesses operating in emerging markets are generally subject to greater risks than those operating in more developed markets Investing in emerging markets, including Russia, involves greater risks than investing in more developed markets, including, in some cases, significant legal, economic and political risks. Moreover, financial turmoil in any emerging market country tends to adversely affect prices in equity markets of all emerging market countries as investors move their money to more stable, developed markets. As has happened in the past, financial problems, or an increase in the perceived risks associated with investing in emerging economies, could dampen foreign investment in Russia and adversely affect its economy. In addition, during such times, companies that operate in emerging markets can face severe liquidity constraints as foreign funding sources are withdrawn. Thus, even if the Russian economy remains relatively stable, financial turmoil in any other emerging market country could seriously disrupt the Subsidiaries’ business, as well as result in a decrease in the price of the Subsidiary Shares. Investors should also note that emerging economies such as those of Russia are subject to rapid change and that the information set out in this Information Statement may become outdated relatively quickly. Political and governmental instability, including conflicts between central and regional authorities, or social unrest could disrupt the ability of the Subsidiaries to conduct their business Since 1991, Russia has sought to transform itself from a one-party state with a centrally-planned economy into a democracy with a market economy. The reforms have been widespread, and the failure of certain of these reforms, combined with uncertainty regarding the implications of certain of the other reforms, have left the Russian political system vulnerable to popular discontent. In addition, there have been 63 incidents of labor and social unrest, particularly as a result of the failure of the Russian government and many private enterprises to pay full salaries on a regular basis and the failure of salaries and benefits generally to keep pace with the rapidly increasing cost of living in Russia. An escalation of this unrest may have political, social and economic consequences, such as increased support for a renewal of centralized authority, increased nationalism, including in the form of restrictions on foreign involvement in the Russian economy, and increased violence. An occurrence of any of the foregoing events would have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Since President Putin took office as prime minister and then as president in 1999, the political and economic situation in Russia has generally become more stable and conducive to investment. However, the direction of future economic reforms remains unclear. On September 12, 2007, the Russian government was dissolved at the initiative of the Prime Minister. As of the date of this Information Statement, a new government was still in the process of being formed. Moreover, any significant struggle over the direction of future reforms, or the reversal of the reform program, could lead to a deterioration in Russia’s investment climate that might constrain the Subsidiaries’ ability to obtain financing in the international capital markets or otherwise have a material adverse effect on their business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The next State Duma elections are scheduled for December 2007, while the next presidential elections are expected to be held in March 2008. The potential stagnation during the uncertain period leading up to these elections, as well as potential instability during the transition period, could negatively affect the economic and political environment in the near term. In addition, shifts in governmental policy and regulation in Russia may be less predictable than in many Western democracies. Future changes in the Russian government, major policy shifts or lack of consensus between various branches of the Russian government and powerful economic groups could disrupt or reverse economic and regulatory reforms, including the power industry reform, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. In addition, the delineation of authority and jurisdiction between local authorities and the federal government is, in many instances, unclear and remains contested. Currently, Russia comprises 85 sub-federal political units (which will be reduced to 84 from January 1, 2008 and to 83 from March 1, 2008), consisting of republics, territories (krais), regions, cities of federal importance and autonomous regions and districts. Lack of consensus between the federal government and local or regional authorities often results in the enactment of conflicting legislation at different levels of government, which may lead to further political instability. In particular, conflicting laws have been enacted in the areas of privatization, land legislation and licensing. Some of these laws, and the governmental and administrative decisions implementing them, as well as certain transactions consummated pursuant to them, have, in the past, been challenged in the courts, and such challenges may occur in the future. This lack of consensus and established precedent could hinder the long-term planning efforts of the Subsidiaries and creates uncertainties in the operating environment, each of which may prevent them from effectively and efficiently implementing their business strategy and thereby materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, in the past, ethnic, religious, historical and other divisions have given rise to tensions and, in certain cases, military conflict and terrorist attacks. In the future, such tensions, military conflict or terrorist activities could result in significant political consequences, including the imposition of a state of emergency in some or all of Russia, or result in heightened security measures, which could disrupt normal economic activity and as a result have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of the Subsidiaries. 64 Adoption of national security laws limiting foreign ownership could result in a loss of investments, which would have a material adverse effect on the Subsidiaries, business, operations, financial condition and results of operations The Russian government has announced that it plans to introduce a law limiting foreign ownership of sectors that ‘‘ensure national security,’’ which, subject to location and size criteria, include oil and ore deposits. The current draft of this law does not specifically refer to the power sector, however, it does include natural monopolies, which under Russian law, currently includes electricity transmission, electricity dispatching services and heat transmission. For example, Volzhskaya TGK and TGK-14 are currently included on the list of natural monopolies maintained by the FST. Therefore, certain of the Subsidiaries fall within the scope of the proposed law. It is possible that other laws or governmental actions that are disadvantageous to foreign investors will be enacted or taken. If such laws were enacted or actions were taken, which could significantly limit foreign ownership in certain of the Subsidiaries, they could result in a loss of such investments. Deterioration of Russia’s relations with other countries could materially adversely affect the Subsidiaries’ business, financial condition and results of operations Some commentators have noted that in recent years Russia has been more actively involved in international politics. This has occasionally put strains on Russia’s relations with such countries and resulted in a deterioration of those relations, such as the comprehensive economic embargo against Georgia in 2006 and the temporary suspension of oil shipments through Belarus in 2007. In addition, press reports have noted increased political tensions between Russia and the United Kingdom, leading some to express concerns that the future business of Russian companies listed on the London Stock Exchange and British companies operating in Russia may be hindered due to increased visa restrictions and, if further deterioration occurred, due to increased governmental oversight and interference. The Russian Law ‘‘On Special Economic Measures’’, adopted in the fall of 2006, grants the President, acting only upon recommendation of the Russian Security Counsel, authority to both: • impose restrictions or prohibit dealings with foreign states and/or foreign citizens; and • impose obligations to perform specific activities in furtherance of the adopted economic measures. If Russia were to impose a similar embargo or adopt any of the restrictive economic measures contemplated by this law with respect to its neighboring countries, or if these countries were to impose similar measures on Russia, this could materially adversely affect the Subsidiaries’ business, financial condition and results of operations TNK-BP, a joint venture between British Petroleum and several Russian companies, recently sold its share in the Kovytka gas deposit to Gazprom after the Russian Natural Resources Ministry found that it was not in compliance with the terms of its license because it was not producing enough gas. Similarly last year, Royal Dutch Shell and two Japanese partners sold their controlling share of their Sakhalin-2 oil and gas development project to Gazprom after their compliance with environmental regulations came under investigation by government regulators. These decisions have created some uncertainty with regard to foreign investment in Russia, and if an adverse decision is made relating to the licenses of Subsidiaries in which foreign investment is dominant, this would adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. 65 The reversal of reform policies or the implementation of governmental policies in Russia targeted at specific individuals or companies could lead to a deterioration in Russia’s investment climate that might constrain the Subsidiaries’ ability to obtain financing in Russia and otherwise materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations Since President Putin took office as prime minister and then as president in 1999, the political and economic situation in Russia has generally become more stable and conducive to investment. However, there can be no assurance with respect to the direction of future economic reforms. In the past, Russian authorities have prosecuted some Russian companies, their executive officers and their shareholders on tax evasion and related charges. In some cases, the result of such prosecutions has been the imposition of prison sentences for individuals and significant claims for unpaid taxes from companies such as Yukos, TNK-BP and Vimpelcom. Some analysts contend that such prosecutions demonstrate a willingness to reverse key political and economic reforms of the 1990s. Other analysts, however, believe that these prosecutions are isolated events that relate to the specific individuals and companies involved and do not signal any deviation from broader political and economic reforms or a wider program of asset redistribution. Any significant struggle over the direction of future reforms, or the reversal of the reform program, could lead to a deterioration in Russia’s investment climate that might constrain the ability of Subsidiaries to obtain financing and otherwise materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. Crime and corruption could disrupt the Subsidiaries’ ability to conduct business The local and international press have reported significant criminal activity in Russia, including organized crime. In addition, the local and international press have reported high levels of official corruption in Russia, including bribery and the use of investigative and prosecutorial powers for corrupt purposes. Also, reports have been published indicating that certain members of the Russian media have published or regularly publish biased articles in return for payment or under pressure. The effects of organized or other crime, the demands of corrupt officials or any allegations that the Subsidiaries have been involved in official corruption or biased articles could in the future bring negative publicity or otherwise disrupt the ability of the Subsidiaries to conduct their business effectively, and thus, could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. Legal Risks and Uncertainties Weaknesses relating to the legal system create an uncertain environment for investment and business activity Risks associated with the Russian legal system include, to varying degrees, the following: inconsistencies between and among laws, presidential decrees, instructions and governmental and ministerial orders and resolutions; conflicting local, regional, and federal rules and regulations; the lack of judicial or administrative guidance regarding the interpretation of the applicable rules; the untested nature of the independence of the judiciary and its immunity from political, social and commercial influences; the relative inexperience of jurists and judges in interpreting recently enacted legislation and complex commercial arrangements; a high degree of unchecked discretion on the part of governmental authorities; substantial gaps in the regulatory structure due to delays in or absence of implementing regulations; bankruptcy procedures that are not well-developed and are subject to abuse; a lack of binding judicial precedent; the unpredictability of enforcement of both Russian and non-Russian judicial orders and arbitral awards; uncertainties with regard to legal title and ownership; absence of an effective legal framework for the deterrence of insider trading; and alleged corruption within the judiciary and amongst government authorities. These risks may affect the ability of the Subsidiaries to protect and enforce their legal rights, including rights under contracts, and to defend against claims of the third parties. The relatively recent enactment of many laws, the lack of consensus about the scope, content and pace of political and economic reform and the rapid evolution of legal systems in ways that may not always coincide with market developments have resulted in ambiguities, inconsistencies and anomalies and, in 66 certain cases, the enactment of laws without a clear constitutional or legislative basis. Not all Russian legislation and court decisions, particularly at the regional level, are readily available to the public or organized in a manner that facilitates understanding. Legal and bureaucratic obstacles and corruption exist to varying degrees in the Russian regions in which the Subsidiaries operate and these factors are likely to hinder the further development of these companies. These characteristics give rise to certain investment risks that may not exist in countries with more developed legal systems. In particular, because of the current state of the Russian legal system, it is uncertain whether the Subsidiaries would be able to enforce their rights in disputes with their contractual partners or other parties. Their ability to operate could be adversely affected by difficulties in protecting and enforcing their rights and by future changes to local laws and regulations. Furthermore, the enforceability of these rights is dependent on the Russian courts, which are not always effective. Enforcement of court orders can, in practice, be very difficult in Russia. The independence of the judicial system and the prosecution authorities and their immunity from economic and political influences is less than complete. The Russian court system has been and may continue to be underfunded. Russia, like many Western European states, has a civil law legal system and, as such, judicial precedents generally have no binding effect on subsequent decisions. Enforcement of court judgments by law enforcement agencies can be time consuming. In addition, court claims are often used in furtherance of political aims. Any or all of these weaknesses in the Russian legal system could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Transactions in non-compliance with applicable legal requirements The Subsidiaries have taken a variety of actions relating to share issuances, share disposals and acquisitions, valuation of property, interested party transactions, major transactions and anti-monopoly issues, in respect of which the applicable legal procedures are not always clear and which, therefore, could be subject to legal challenges. If any such challenge were successful, it could result in the invalidation of the relevant transaction or the imposition of liabilities on the Subsidiaries. Moreover, since applicable provisions of Russian law are subject to many different interpretations, the Subsidiaries may not be able to successfully defend any challenge brought against such transactions. For example, the provisions of Russian law defining which transactions must be approved as ‘‘major transactions’’ are subject to differing interpretations and there is no assurance that former, current or future minority shareholders of Subsidiaries will not challenge such transactions in the future. The invalidation of any such transactions or imposition of any such liabilities could have a material adverse effect on the Subsidiaries’ businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Legal uncertainties relating to privatizations of the Subsidiaries’ assets may exist Certain of the Subsidiaries were created as a result of the privatization of certain companies and assets. Certain Russian privatization laws are in conflict with other laws, including conflicts between federal and regional privatization laws, and consequently many Russian privatizations may be arguably deficient and therefore vulnerable to challenge. For example, a series of presidential decrees issued in 1991 and 1992 that granted to the Moscow City government the right to adopt its own privatization procedures were subsequently invalidated by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, ruling, in part, that the Presidential decrees addressed issues that were the subject of federal law. Although the statute of limitations provided by Russian law in respect to these privatization transactions has already expired, should the privatization of any relevant predecessor companies be challenged in court on the grounds that these companies or any of their assets has been improperly privatized and should the court for any reason disapply the limitation periods, RAO UES may lose its rights to the shares in the relevant Subsidiaries, and the Subsidiaries may lose their respective rights to other assets, which could materially affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. The Subsidiaries may be liable for the obligations of their legal predecessors As part of the formation process of certain Subsidiaries, agreements providing for joint and several liability between such Subsidiaries and other companies were entered into relating to the allocation of 67 certain liabilities which arose prior to the date of formation but had not been allocated on the balance sheets produced during the formation. If any claims are filed by the creditors of the predecessor companies in connection with the operations prior to the formation, this could materially adversely affect the business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects of the Subsidiaries. Any increase or change in governmental regulation of the Subsidiaries’ operations could restrict their ability to conduct their operations or to do so profitably The Subsidiaries carry out their business and operations in the Russian power markets, which are regulated by Russian federal authorities and by the authorities of Russian regions where the power plants or distribution grids, as the case may be, of these companies are located. Regulatory authorities in Russia are permitted to exercise discretion in matters of enforcement and interpretation of applicable laws, regulations and standards, the issuance and renewal of licenses and permits and in monitoring licensees’ compliance with license terms. These authorities may from time to time adopt new regulations, change their position on issues or alter the pace of the electricity reform, which may materially adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Russian authorities have the right to, and frequently do, conduct periodic inspections of operations and properties of Russian companies throughout the year. Any such inspections in the future may conclude that the Subsidiaries or their subsidiaries violated applicable laws, decrees or regulations. Such findings may result in the imposition of fines, penalties or more severe sanctions, including the suspension, amendment or termination of these companies’ or their subsidiaries’ licenses or permits, an order that the Subsidiaries cease certain business activities, or in criminal sanctions being applied to the Subsidiaries’ officers, as well as administrative penalties on the Subsidiaries’ officers or the Subsidiaries themselves. Any such decisions, sanctions, orders or penalties, or any increase in governmental regulation of the operations of the Subsidiaries could restrict their abilities to conduct their operations or to do so profitably, which could have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations. RAO UES announced on June 25, 2007 that the Russian Economic Development and Trade Ministry intends to take steps to ensure that the planned investment programs and expansions of the Subsidiaries are carried out in full by the future shareholders of the Subsidiaries, including after their ownership structure is changed as a result of the Spin-Offs. As a result of this and similar intentions of the Russian government to ensure that these investment programs are implemented, the Subsidiaries may be unable to pursue a development strategy other than as currently contemplated. In this case, if the demand for power and heat in Russia does not increase as quickly and to the levels as is currently expected, the Subsidiaries may not be able to adjust their expansion strategy accordingly, and this could have a material adverse effect on their results of operations. The Subsidiaries’ assets will be subject to the risk of expropriation and nationalization Russian law provides certain protections against expropriation and nationalization of property. In the event that the Subsidiaries’ property is nationalized, fair compensation should be provided. However, there can be no certainty that these protections would be enforced. This uncertainty is due to several factors, including weaknesses in the judiciary and insufficient mechanisms to enforce judgments, as well as reports of corruption among state officials. In addition, it is possible that due to a lack of experience in enforcing these provisions, or due to political change, legislative protections may not be enforced in the event of an attempted nationalization. Nationalization of the Subsidiaries or any of the assets of the Subsidiaries or their subsidiaries, potentially with little or no compensation, could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Furthermore, the concept of property rights is not well developed in Russia and there is little experience in enforcing legislation enacted to protect private property against nationalization. As a result, the Subsidiaries may not be able to obtain proper redress in the courts and may not receive adequate compensation if in the future the state decides to nationalize some or all of the Subsidiaries’ assets. If this occurs, the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Subsidiaries could be materially adversely affected. The Federal Law ‘‘On Investment Activity in the Russian Federation in the Form of Capital Investments’’ No. 39-FZ dated February 25, 1999, as amended, and the Federal Law ‘‘On Foreign Investments in the 68 Russian Federation’’ No. 160-FZ dated July 9, 1999, as amended, provide that in the event of nationalization of property (including, by implication, real estate) by the Russian Federation, the owner is entitled to reimbursement for all incurred losses, including loss of profit, and, in the case of the requisition of assets, to compensation for the cost of such assets. It is not clear from the legislation how such losses will be calculated nor whether there is any way to seek to challenge (and so to prevent) confiscation of real estate. Unlawful, selective or arbitrary governmental action may have an adverse effect on the Subsidiaries’ business and financial condition Unlawful, selective or arbitrary actions of Russian government officials have reportedly included the denial or withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions. Federal and local government officials in Russia have also used common defects in matters surrounding share issuances and registration as pretexts for court claims and other demands to invalidate such issuances and registrations or to void transactions, often for what appears to be political purposes. In this environment, the competitors of the Subsidiaries may receive preferential treatment from Russian government officials, potentially giving them a competitive advantage over the Subsidiaries. Unlawful, selective or arbitrary action of Russian government officials, if directed at the Subsidiaries, could have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations. Russian companies can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal non-compliance with certain requirements of Russian law In certain cases, Russian law may allow a court to order the liquidation of a Russian legal entity on the basis of its formal non-compliance with certain requirements during its formation, reorganization or operation. There have been cases in the past in which formal deficiencies in the establishment process of a Russian legal entity or non-compliance by a Russian legal entity with provisions of Russian law have been used by Russian courts as a basis for liquidation of that legal entity. For example, under Russian corporate law, negative net assets calculated on the basis of RAS as at the end of the second or any subsequent year of a company’s operation, if not mitigated by a reduction of the share capital, can serve as a basis for a court to order the liquidation of the company upon a claim by governmental authorities. Many Russian companies have negative net assets due to the very low historical asset values reflected on their balance sheets under RAS. The existence of such negative assets, may not, however accurately reflect their actual ability to pay debts as they come due. Nonetheless, creditors have the right to accelerate claims, including damages claims, and governmental authorities may seek the liquidation of a company with negative assets if the company does not take a decision on its liquidation (or on a reduction of its share capital, if the net assets of the company are below its share capital) within a reasonable time period. Weaknesses in the Russian legal system create an uncertain legal environment, which, on occasion, makes the decisions of a Russian court or a governmental authority difficult, if not impossible, to predict. If involuntary liquidation of any of the Subsidiaries was to occur, this could lead to additional costs, which could materially adversely affect the business, financial position and results of operations of these companies. If involuntary liquidation of one or more of the Subsidiaries were to occur, investors could lose their entire investment in those subsidiaries. The licenses that the Subsidiaries require for their businesses may be invalidated or may not be issued or renewed, or may contain onerous terms and conditions that restrict their ability to conduct their operations or to do so profitably Currently under Russian law, power generation does not directly require licenses, but there are required licenses to perform necessary related activities, particularly in connection with the use of hazardous industrial facilities or water use. There can be no guarantee that licenses will not be required in the future for power generation or other necessary related activities. To the extent the number of licenses required increases, the level of the risk described in this section would likely increase. The Gencos’ businesses will depend on the continuing validity of certain of their existing licenses, particularly in connection with the use of hazardous industrial facilities or water use, their ability to obtain any new licenses that may be required and their compliance with the terms of their licenses. The MRSKs 69 have licenses for certain of their ancillary activities, such as the use of hazardous industrial facilities, that require a license. There can be no assurance that the existing licenses of the Subsidiaries will be renewed, that any new licenses that they apply for will be granted or that they will be able to comply with the terms of their licenses. This is particularly because Russian regulatory authorities exercise considerable discretion in the decision-making process relating to, and the terms and timing of, license issuance and renewal and the monitoring of licensees’ compliance with license terms. In the event that the licensing authorities determine that a material violation of a license term by any of these companies has occurred, they may be required to suspend operations or incur substantial costs to eliminate or remedy the violation, which could have a material adverse effect on the businesses, financial condition or results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Requirements imposed by these authorities, which require the Subsidiaries to comply with numerous industrial standards, recruit qualified personnel, maintain necessary equipment, monitor their operations, maintain appropriate filings and, upon request, submit appropriate information to the licensing authorities, are costly and time-consuming and may impede the efficient running of these companies’ operations. In addition, it is possible that licenses applied for by/or issued to the Subsidiaries could be challenged by the Prosecutor General’s office as being invalid if they were determined to be beyond the scope of the authority of the relevant licensing authority. Furthermore, private individuals and the public at large have the right to comment on and otherwise influence the licensing process, including through intervention in courts. As a result, the licenses that the Subsidiaries require for their businesses, may be invalidated or may not be issued or renewed, or if issued or renewed, may not be issued or renewed in a timely fashion, or may require them to comply with terms and conditions that restrict their ability to conduct their operations or to do so profitably. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Subsidiaries. Difficulties exist in ascertaining the validity and enforceability of title to land or other real property in Russia and the extent to which it is encumbered After the Soviet Union ceased to exist, land reform commenced in Russia and, during the years that followed, real estate legislation changed continuously and more than one hundred federal laws, presidential decrees and governmental resolutions were issued. In addition, almost all of the Russian regions enacted their own real estate legislation. Until recently, the real estate legislative regime in Russia was unsystematic and contradictory. In many instances, there was no certainty regarding which municipal, regional or federal government body had power to sell, lease or otherwise dispose of land. In 2001, the Civil Code was amended and a new Russian Land Code and a number of other federal laws regulating land use and ownership were enacted. Nevertheless, the legal framework relating to the ownership and use of land and other real property in Russia is not yet sufficiently developed to support private ownership of land and other real property to the same extent as is common in countries with more developed market economies. Thus, it is often difficult to ascertain the validity and enforceability of title to land or other real property in Russia and the extent to which it is encumbered. The Subsidiaries may not have properly obtained or registered the rights to their land plots and buildings, constructions and other real properties located therein. In addition, because of Russia’s vast territory, difficulties associated with the country’s transitional phase, the severe climatic conditions of, and difficult access to, the territory where the land plots and other real properties of the Subsidiaries are located, the process of surveying and title registration may be complicated and last for many years. 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