Moscow, Russian Federation September 21, 2007
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- Heat output, mln Gcal 2003 2004 2005 2006 Russia
- Electricity and Heat Consumption
- Consumer Group Electricity consumption (2006) bln kW/h % of Total
- Total
- Commissioning year Share of total Russian electricity capacity
- Electricity Sector Reform Main goals
- Power Sector Restructuring
- Reform of the Wholesale Electricity Market
- Attracting Private Investors and Capital
- Current Market Structure RAO UES The RAO UES Group is the largest power company in the Russian Federation. See ‘‘RAO UES’’. Power Generation Companies
The RAO UES Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.8 651.9 665.4 695.0 Thermal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520.6 521.4 540.8 569.1 Hydro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 130.5 124.6 125.9 Source: RAO UES According to RAO UES, the total electricity output in Russia was 995.6 bln kW/h, as compared to 953.1 bln kW/h in 2005, representing an increase of 4.5%. Of this total, thermal power plants accounted for 664.1 bln kW/h, which represented an increase of 5.5% as compared to 2005, hydro power plants for 175.0 bln kW/h, which represented a decline of 0.3% as compared to 2005, and nuclear power plants for 156.5 bln kW/h, which represented an increase of 4.7% as compared to 2005. In 2006, the RAO UES Group’s electricity output was 695.0 bln kW/h, which was 29.6 bln kW/h more than in 2005, representing an increase of 4.5% as compared to 2005. The RAO UES Group’s electricity output in 2006 comprised: 332 bln kW/h of electricity generated by the OGKs, representing 47.8% of the total electricity output of the RAO UES Group in 2006; 277 bln kW/h of electricity generated by the TGKs, representing 39.8% of the total electricity output of the RAO UES Group in 2006; and 86 bln kW/h of electricity generated by other sources, representing 12.3% of the total electricity output of the RAO UES Group in 2006. Heat Output Generators of heat in Russia include the thermal power plants owned by OGKs, TGKs and other generating companies, fossil-fired boilers and electric boilers. The boilers are owned by the RAO UES Group, private companies and municipalities. See ‘‘— Current Market Structure — Power Generation Companies’’. The table below illustrates the growth of heat output between 2003 and 2006. Heat output, mln Gcal 2003 2004 2005 2006 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,446.6 1,441.9 1,432.0 1,466.6 RAO UES Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468.8 465.8 465.2 477.8 Source: RAO UES In 2006, Russia’s total heat output was 1,466.6 mln Gcal, which was 23.0 mln Gcal more than in 2005, representing an increase of 1.6% as compared to 2005. In 2006, the RAO UES Group’s total heat output was 477.8 mln Gcal, which was 12.6 mln Gcal more than in 2005, representing an increase of 2.7% as compared to 2005. Electricity and Heat Consumption The economic recovery following the 1998 financial crisis in Russia also contributed to an increase in the total electricity consumption. Russia’s GDP has grown at a compounded annual growth rate of 5.3% between 1998 and 2006, reaching RUB 26.8 trillion in 2006. The following tables provide information on the RAO UES Group’s major consumers of electricity and heat in 2006. 138 Consumer Group Electricity consumption (2006) bln kW/h % of Total Industrial and equivalent consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.5 53.1% Other electricity suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.9 17.3% Non-industrial consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 10.4% Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 9.5% Electrified transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.6 6.0% Agribusiness consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 2.2% Cities/towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 1.5% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.0 100% Consumer Group Heat consumption (2006) mln Gcal % of Total Industrial and equivalent consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.8 51.1% Domestic consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 7.6% State budgetary entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 7.9% Home owners associations, building-construction cooperatives, domestic cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 6.8% Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 4.4% Other consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 5.6% Other power companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.0 16.6% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.9 100% Source: RAO UES. Electricity demand is subject to considerable fluctuations: It can vary significantly depending on weather conditions (especially between different seasons), and also varies significantly during the course of the day. The chart below demonstrates typical daily consumption curves in January and June: 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 12 AM 2 AM 4 AM 6 AM 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 1 PM 3 PM 5 PM 7 PM 10 PM GW Consumption As at January 31, 2007 As at June 30, 2007 Generation Source: System Operator. 139 Generation Facilities Despite the increases in the consumption of electricity and heat in the post-Soviet era, there have only been limited investments in generation facilities and transmission and distribution infrastructure during this period, with only a small number of primarily state-funded projects completed to offset the capacity decline. Over 57% of existing Russian generation capacity is currently over 27 years old and, together with other components of the power sector in Russia, is in need of investments to maintain supply stability and cope with growing demand. The winter of 2005-2006 saw the peak capacity demand almost reach its historical maximum, with black-outs occurring in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and the Tyumen Region, and it is estimated that regional deficits are soon expected. The table below indicates the percentage of Russia’s total electricity capacity provided by Russia’s generation facilities, grouped according to date of commission: Commissioning year Share of total Russian electricity capacity before 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4% 1951 – 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7% 1961 – 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8% 1971 – 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8% 1981 – 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4% 1991 – 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5% after 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4% Source: RAO UES. In 2006, RAO UES developed a five-year investment program for the RAO UES Group, which envisaged that 23,000 MW of installed electric capacity would be commissioned in 2006-2010. Recently, this investment program was significantly enhanced and as a result envisaged the commissioning of 40,900 MW of installed electric capacity between 2006 and 2010 at a cost of approximately USD 120 bln. However, in May 2007, the Russian government decided that this program was not sufficiently supported by forecasts of future gas supplies by Gazprom and available financing sources. It is currently expected that a revised investment program will be prepared by the end of 2007. Electricity Sector Reform Main goals The main goals of the Russian electricity sector reforms include the following: • the creation of a unified wholesale electricity and capacity market in the European part of Russia, the Urals and Siberia (excluding certain isolated energy systems located in these regions and energy systems not included in the pricing zones of the Russian Federation); • the creation of a competitive electricity trading market involving long- and mid-term regulated contracts, a day-ahead market, and a balancing market; • the creation of a competitive capacity trading market involving long- and mid-term bilateral contracts, purchase and sale of capacity in auctions for annual supply and for long-term supply (for several years ahead); • the creation of a competitive ancillary services market, involving the competitive selection of service providers and the purchase of services necessary to ensure the quality of power supply in the Unified National Energy System of Russia by the System Operator of the wholesale market; and • introduction of the ability of retail end-users to select an electricity supplier. Power Sector Restructuring The Russian electricity market is currently in the process of restructuring as mandated by Russian Law. During this restructuring process, the overall structure of the electricity industry is expected to be 140 completely transformed. It is currently anticipated that the competitive segment of the electricity market will be gradually expanded, and consequently there will be a reduction in the percentage of output subject to regulated tariffs. It is envisaged that the sector reform will result in the development of a fully liberalized market for electricity generation, supply and related services by 2011, in which prices will be established on the basis of supply and demand (other than supply to households). The reforms do not currently contemplate the creation of a free market for electricity transmission, distribution or dispatch activities, nor do they contemplate the liberalization of the heat sector. The restructuring of the RAO UES Group has led to the creation of separate companies carrying out specific lines of businesses: electricity generation (most of which also produces heat), transmission, distribution, supply of electricity to customers, and repair and servicing. These separate companies have been or will be merged with other companies with the same business profile, with the resulting merged companies providing the relevant specific services for a number of regions of the Russian Federation. Generation, supply, repair and service companies are expected to engage in competition with each other. At the same time, the reforms envision retention of state control over the electricity transmission and distribution networks. A major step in this ongoing restructuring is the reorganization of the previously existing vertically integrated power companies (the ‘‘Energos’’) into new companies. The Energos were former subsidiaries of RAO UES, the state-owned power monopoly within the Russian Federation. In the course of the restructuring, the power plants of the Energos have been consolidated into OGKs and TGKs, high voltage trunk grid companies have been transferred to the control of the FSK and will be consolidated into the FSK and the functions and assets of regional dispatch administrations have been transferred to the System Operator. In addition, medium and low voltage distribution grids are managed by and will be consolidated into MRSKs. See ‘‘— Current Market Structure’’ and ‘‘The Spin-Offs — Goals and Objectives of the Reform’’. Reform of the Wholesale Electricity Market In 2006, the Russian government adopted a resolution on new wholesale electricity market rules (the New Wholesale Market Rules), setting forth guidelines for the interaction of wholesale and retail market participants during the transition period of the restructuring. The Government also adopted in 2006 a resolution governing the interaction among electricity retail, grid and generation companies, and between these companies and electricity consumers. This latter resolution introduced among other things the concept of the ‘‘guaranteeing suppliers’’, which are obliged to enter into a contract with any retail end-consumer at the request of any such consumer located in the territory of that ‘‘guaranteeing supplier’’. The ‘‘guaranteeing suppliers’’ are selected in open tender for three years from among existing electricity supply companies in the market. These resolutions also contemplate a gradual reduction in the volume of electricity sold under agreements (Regulated Contracts) concluded by participants in the wholesale electricity market at prices (‘‘tariffs’’) determined by the FST. Implementing this provision, in April 2007, the Russian government approved the following schedule for the gradual reduction in the volume of electricity sold under Regulated Contracts by participants in the electric power wholesale market: • from January 1, 2007 — 90–95% of planned 2007 electricity output of each producer or consumption of each consumer must be sold under Regulated Contracts with the remaining electricity sold (bought) at unregulated prices; • from July 1, 2007 — 85–90% of the above output (consumption) must be sold (bought) under Regulated Contracts; • from January 1, 2008 — 80–85% of the above output (consumption); • from July 1, 2008 — 70–75%; • from January 1, 2009 — 65–70%; • from July 1, 2009 — 45–50%; 141 • from January 1, 2010 — 35–40%; • from July 1, 2010 — 15–20%; • from January 1, 2011 — all electricity is to be sold (bought) at unregulated prices (other than supply to households). Attracting Private Investors and Capital One of the principal goals of the power sector reform is to attract private investments so as to fund large investment programs in the power industry. In June 2006, the Russian government announced that it had decided to permit capital raisings by thermal generation companies, including by way of public offerings or private placements. As of March 31, 2007, 16 generation companies were either preparing for or developing plans for share offerings. The first generating company that completed a share offering was OGK-5. Pursuant to this offering, 14% of OGK-5 shares were sold for approximately USD 460 mln and RAO UES’ shareholding in OGK-5 decreased from 87.5% to 75.03%. In 2007, the USD 3.1 bln strategic sale of 38% of the OGK-3 shares, to a company in the Norilsk Group, resulted in the reduction of the RAO UES stake to a non-controlling 37.1%. In addition, a 93.5% shareholding in two stand-alone power plants in the Kuzbass region were sold at an auction to companies affiliated to the Evraz Group and Mechel for USD 485 mln. In the same year (2007), a 29% shareholding in Mosenergo was sold to Gazprom for USD 2.2 bln, giving the Gazprom group control over Mosenergo, while Integrated Energy Systems purchased a 26.5% shareholding in TGK-5 for USD 448 mln. In June 2007, RAO UES sold a blocking stake of 30% in OGK-5 in open auction for USD 1.5 bln to Enel Investment Holding B.V. Enel Investment Holding B.V. subsequently obtained permission from the FAS to acquire the remaining 70% of OGK-5 and, according to public statements, intends to make a tender offer to acquire those remaining shares from the existing OGK-5 shareholders. Current Market Structure RAO UES The RAO UES Group is the largest power company in the Russian Federation. See ‘‘RAO UES’’. Power Generation Companies The electricity generation sector is currently principally comprised of thermal power plants (fossil-fuel- powered plants, including natural gas, coal and fuel oil-fired plants, producing either electricity or both electricity and heat), in particular six fossil-fueled OGKs and fourteen TGKs; approximately 102 hydro power plants, approximately half of which will be consolidated into one HydroOGK; and ten nuclear power plants owned and operated by Rosenergoatom. The thermal power plants of the OGKs and the TGKs represented 4-5% and 70-75%, respectively, of the Russian heat output in 2006, with the remaining heat being supplied by a large number of fossil fuel-fired and electric boilers. These boilers are operated by either the RAO UES Group or by private generators, including certain industrial groups, that produce heat for their own consumption. The Wholesale Generating Companies (OGKs) The large federal power plants generating primarily electricity, which were formerly owned by RAO UES or the Energos, were merged into wholesale generating companies, or OGKs, which are the largest generators in the wholesale electricity market. The reorganization of the power sector contemplated the creation of seven OGKs, six of them operating thermal power plants and one, the HydroOGK, operating hydroelectric power plants. Each OGK controls several power plants throughout Russia, each of which primarily specializes in electricity generation. The OGKs primarily compete with each other and TGKs on the wholesale electricity market and they depend on the services of the FSK, the System Operator and the Trade System Administrator. See ‘‘— Current Market Structure— Service Providers in the Electricity Market’’. 142 The OGKs have been formed according to the following principles: • formation on a large scale — each OGK has an installed electric capacity of 8.5 to 9.5 GW in the case of the fossil-fueled OGKs and 23.7 GW in the case of the HydroOGK; • substantially equal initial specifications in terms of installed electric capacity, value of assets and average equipment wear; • minimization of possibilities for monopoly abuse in the wholesale electricity market; and • consolidation based on the type of power generation facilities, thermal or hydro. The formation of the OGKs, which was approved by the RAO UES’ Board of Directors on September 29, 2003, was effected in two stages. In the first stage, the OGKs were established as wholly-owned subsidiaries of RAO UES and their share capital was paid for by the contribution of RAO UES assets, mainly in the form of power plants or shares in RAO UES subsidiaries that operate power plants. In the second stage, RAO UES contributed to the OGKs shares in the companies operating power plants that were spun-off from the Energos. These operating companies were then merged into the OGKs. By March 31, 2007, the final corporate structure of all six fossil-fueled OGKs had been completed, and their shares had been admitted to trading on the RTS Stock Exchange or MICEX. The final restructuring of HydroOGK is expected to be completed through the merger of its 22 subsidiaries into HydroOGK in 2008. The following table sets forth key information regarding each of the OGKs: OGKs Electricity capacity, 2006, (MW) Heat capacity, 2006 (Gcal/h) Fuel Mix Electricity output, 2006, (million kW/h) Heat output, 2006 (thousand Gcal) OGK-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,531 2,877 Gas 47,246 1,480 OGK-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,695 1,814 Gas/Coal 48,084 2,647 OGK-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,497 1,615 Gas/Coal 30,614 1,656 OGK-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,630 2,179 Gas/Coal 51,030 2,481 OGK-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,672 2,392 Gas/Coal 41,441 7,013 OGK-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,052 2,704 Gas/Coal 32,904 4,513 HydroOGK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,143 n/a Hydro 79,654 n/a Source: RAO UES,OGKs. The Territorial Generation Companies (TGKs) The majority of the remaining power plants that were owned by RAO UES or the Energos, which are mainly smaller regional power plants, have been consolidated into territorial generation companies or TGKs. Under the reforms, the TGKs have been formed according to the following principles: • amalgamation of financially secure power plants on a territorial basis into inter-regional companies; and • minimization of possibilities for monopoly abuse in the wholesale electricity market. On April 23, 2004, RAO UES’ Board of Directors approved the establishment of the 14 TGKs. In a resolution of RAO UES’ Board of Directors dated February 3, 2006 the details of the TGKs’ corporate structure were finalized. The formation of the TGKs involves the integration of the generation assets of regional energy companies covering neighboring regions. The initial reform plan contemplated that TGKs were to be established as wholly-owned subsidiaries of RAO UES and would be composed of merged regional generation companies (‘‘RGKs’’), which were spun-off from the Energos. This plan, however, has not be strictly followed in at least two circumstances. First, TGK-1 and Volzhskaya TGK (TGK-7) have been established by several RGKs directly. Second, Mosenergo (TGK-3) and Kuzbassenergo (TGK-12) were the successor entities to the Mosenergo and Kuzbassenergo Energos following the spin-off of non-generation assets from these companies. 143 By March 31, 2007, the formation of all 14 TGKs had been approved. By June 30, 2007, the formation of eleven TGKs had been completed, and it is intended that by the end of 2007 the formation of all of the remaining TGKs will have been completed. The shares of all TGKs, except for TGK-4, Volzhskaya TGK, TGK-11 and Eniseyskaya TGK, have been listed on RTS or MICEX. See ‘‘— Electricity Sector Reform’’. The 14 TGKs are comprised primarily of combined regional power plants that generate both electricity and heat, also known as co-generation plants. Since the TGKs own heat grid infrastructure, as well as electricity and heat generation facilities, they are currently both wholesale electricity market participants and the largest players in their respective retail heat markets. The following table sets forth key information regarding each of the TGKs: Download 4.8 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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