Most human languages are transmitted by sounds and one of the most obvious differences between languages is that they sound di


Table 5: Phonemic inventories in four languages


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Language Descriptions

Table 5: Phonemic inventories in four languages


17 
If we examine the words of a language closely, we discover that a single phoneme can 
have a range of different pronunciations. For example, consider the following English 
words (note that [

and [

indicate a voiceless [l] and [n]): 
/p/ 
pin [


spin [

/l/ 
leap [


sleep [

/n/ 
knees 


sneeze [


/h/ 
who 


huge [


In each pair of words, the sound is phonetically different because of the different 
environment (e.g. /p/ is [p
h
] initially but [p] after /s/), but the sounds are still perceived by 
speakers of English as the same phoneme as there is no meaningful contrast between the 
sounds, and substituting one for another would not produce a different word, just an 
unusual pronunciation of the same word. Where two or more sounds represent the same 
underlying phoneme we call these allophones. It is possible for two languages to have 
the same sounds but to treat them differently in their phonological system. For example, 
English and Spanish both have the sounds [

] and [

], however in English these are two 
different phonemes (those [

] = /

/ and doze [

] = /

/) while in 
Spanish they are allophones of the same phoneme: [

] occurs at the beginning of words 
and after consonants and [

] occurs between vowels (Dios ‘God’ [

] = /

/ and 
adiós ‘good-bye’ [

]= /

/). 


18 
Phonotactics 
Just as languages have different phonemic inventories and different allophones, they also 
have different possibilities for combining sounds into syllables, or different 

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