Mundarija mavzu: Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kesimni sifat bilan ifodalanishi. Kirish
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Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kesimni sifat bilan ifodalanishi.
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 2.2§.2. PREFIKSLAR VOSITASIDA (PREFIXATION)
- 2.2§.3. SUFFIKSLAR VOSITASIDA (SUFFIXATION) a) – able, ible
- 2.2§.4. KESIM VAZIFASIDA ISHLATILGAN SIFATLARNING SINTAKTIK VA SEMANTIK ANALIZI
- 1. Yadroviy predikativ bog‘lanish.
- Noyadroviy predikativ bog‘lanish
- FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO`YHATI
- FOYDALANILGAN ILMIY ADABIYOTLAR RО‘YXATI
- FOYDALANILGAN BADIIY ADABIYOTLAR RО‘YXATI
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2.2§.1. DEREVATSIYA VA KOMPOZITSIYA USULLARIDA
Sifatlar ham otlar kabi turli usullar vositasida yasaladi. Derevatsiya va kompozitsiya usullari yordamida sifat yasash ko‘p tarqalgan usullardan hisoblanadi.
A) Morfologik usullar B) Sintaktik usullar
A) derivatsiya usuli bilan B) kompozitsiya usuli bilan S) suffikslar vositasida Endi yuqoridagi sifat yasash usullari haqida alohida-alohida umumiy ma’lumot beramiz. Derevatsiya usuli bilan sifat yasash (Adjective Formation by Means of Derevation) Affeksal morfemalar (prefiks va suffikslar) yordamida sifatlar yasash derivatsiya usuli deyiladi. Ingliz tilidagi yasama sifatlar birlamchi va ikkilamchi derivatsiya yordamida yasalishi mumkin. Affekslarni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri so‘z o‘zagiga qo‘shish bilan yangi so‘z yasash birlamchi derivatsiya (Primary Derivation) deyiladi. Masalan: Wood – yog`och – wooden – yog`ochdan yasalgan, Day – kun – dayly – har kun chiqadigan Ice – muz – icy – muzlagan – muzdek Damp – namlik, zaxlik, dampy – zax, nam, dampish – sal nam, namroq Affikslar yordamida yasalgan negizlarga yasama suffikslar qo‘shib yangi so‘zlar yasash ikkilamchi derivatsiya (Secondary Derivation) deyiladi. Masalan: Lucky – baxtli, (luck-baxt+u suffuks) Unlucky – baxtsiz (un+luck+y)
Quyidagi qo‘shimchalar yordamida yasalgan sifatlar prefikslar vositasida yasalgan sifatlardir. a) un – uncertain – noma’lum, unacceptable – qabyl qilib bo‘lmaydigan, unable – hech narsaga yaroqsiz, va’dasiz, unaccustomed – odatlanmagan, undone – bajarilmagan, qilinmagan 1. All the unhealthy fancus born of loneliness and sick-room watching had passid away, and the doubts against which he used to play had gone without the need of exorism (L.SH.11) 2. His mind at this period was curiously incritical (E.K.S. 19) 3. Slowly and grovely she compted the unfinished motto: “ Now and forever” 4. I have met priets who were out in China with him” and they had no wards high enough to praise his enegy and courage to under all hardships and his unfailing devotion. (PGD 57) b) pre-prewar – urushdan avvalgi, prehistoric – ma’lum bir tarixiy davr, al prehuman – dunyoga odamzotdan avval kelgan prepositional – predlogga oid predlogli, 1. I make a precipitous dash, race along the platform like the wild ass of the desert, jump at a morning foolboard, and am pushed and pulled and hustled into pandemonuum (R.A p 21) 2. “There are preciminary clifficulties”, replied Fisher (E.H.G 91) c) extra – extraviolet – ultrabinafsha extraordinary - g‘ayritabiiy, extractive – ajratib olinadigan 1. For a long time no certic has enjoyed in France a move uncontestable not to be impressed by the claims he made: they seemed extra vagant (PAP 25) 2. I full it to be my duty my painful duty – to speak very seriously to you about your extraordinary behaviour in cottecting yourself with – a low – breakers and uncendiaries and – a – persons of disrepetable charakter (C.F.S. 27) 2. post – postscript – muqaddima, postgraduate – universitetni tugatgan, posthumous – o‘lgandan keyin (bosilgan asar) I like to read postwar novels
Illegal - yashirin, oshkor qilinmagan Illogical - logikaga g‘ilof mantiqsiz Immaculate - toza, birov tegmagan Immortal - o‘lmas, doimiy Inaccurate - noaniq, noto‘g‘ri Inarficial - yasama emas, tabiiy Virudiant - nur sochib turuvchi Virational - aqlli, zaif aqlsiz Viregular - qodani buzuvchi, noto‘g‘ri 1. The catalogue is imperfect, many of the best books have been added to the collection letely (E.H.G 51) 2. He was fast asleep when a shapp, impateint knock came at his door (I.SH.S 34) 3. Only a mirage of shimmering water to all the ships at sea the thick black spice of night and the irregular whispering of an invisible shore… (L.H.U. 82) 4. Because I had considered crampangne indespensable (P.G.D 95) 5. Enclosed in the letter was a short note scrowled in gemma’s childish, viragular hand writing, begging him to come if possible, “fs I want to talk to you about something” (LneU 59) 6. I’m quete illerate, but I read a lot (F.K.S. 60) 7. Arthur spoke in a strange, indistent voice with a confused and rambling manner (C.F.S. 317) 8. Spearheding waction’s antigovermental assault lately are aganin the bosses of the lorry owner’s association who had last October waged a protracted struggle against the popular Unity bloe (E.G.H. 14) 2.2§.3. SUFFIKSLAR VOSITASIDA (SUFFIXATION) a) – able, ible understandable - tushunib bo‘ladigan readable - yaxshi yozilgan o‘qiladigan latable - yeb bo‘ladigan, yesa bo‘ladigan invisible - ko‘rinmas assessible - yetib bo‘ladigan apprehensible - tushunarli, aniq responsible - javob beruvchi javobgar 1. I couln’t stop in that miserable house after mother died (P.G.D. 19) 2. Arthur was very young and inexperienced; his deision could hardly be, as yet, irrevocable (R.A.P 285) 3. Do you mean, then, that this thing – this – feling is quite irrevocable? 4. Arthur murmered the first common – place that he could think of at that moment and relapsed into uncomfortable silence (F.K.S 21) 5. When be accepted a morl ideal he swallowed it without stopping to think wether it was quite digestable
examitational – imtihonga oid imtihon etymological – etimologiyaga oid etimologiya aboriginal – yerli, o`trar aborobenlarga oid 1. In the ter void and absence of all external impressing, he gradually lost the consciousness of time (RAR 18) 2. Arthur spoke in a hard sullen voice, quite different from his naturel lone (L.N.U. 29) 3. Others were Constitional Monarchists and liberals of various shades (RAP 25)
abundant - serhosil mo`l aberrant - markazdan chetlashgan apporant - kekkaygan gerdaygan 1. They had been fortunete as to weather they had made several very pleasant excussions; but the first eharm was gone out of their enjoyment (PGD 57) 2. Arthur’s visits now coused him more distress than pleasure so trying was the constant effort to appoar at easy and to behave as if noting were altered 3. Is it anything important? (LSHS 57)
accurate – aniq, to`g`ri, har tarafdan acuminate – uchi ingichka, o`tkir adequate – talabga javob beruvchi affectionate – sevimli dilbar 1. From the long eyebrows and sensitive mouth to the smell hands and feet everything about him was too much chiselled overdelicate 2. They all loved Arthur for his own sake and his mother’s and crowded round him, kissing his hands and dress with pessionate grief 3. I may as will tell you that evidence his come into our hands proving young connection with this socioty to be much more intimate than is implied by the mere reading of forbiddin literature d) – ar, - I (ar) alveolar - alve’olarga tegishli angular - burchakli, o`tkir uchli familiar - yaqin tanish, yaxshi tanish regular - to`g`ri doimiy, navbatdagi 1. … and the bottles were lined up white and ratting in the windows rectangular snowy refrigarator e) – ary alimentary - yaxshi hazm bo`ladigan axillary - qo`ltiqqa oid, qo`ltiqniki 1. They put on a stxiff, business air as he came in, and the oldest of them, a foppish to a chair on the other side of the table and the prelimonary interrogation Yo – (e) d; Candied - ayyor, mug`ombir Accredited - hammaga ma’lum Accepted - umumiy qabul qilingan Aged - qarib qolgan, oshini oshagan Armed - qurollangan, pishiq 1. But the town looks so stiff and tidy sonehow – so Protect it has a selfsatisfied air 2. Close beside them grew a rose bush covered with scarlet hips; one or two belated clusters of creamy blossom still hung from an upper branch, swaying … 3. As he mounted the stone stens leading to the street, a girl in a cotton dress and straw hat ran up to him with outstretched hands
silken - shoyidan qilingan wooden - yog`ochdan qilingan, yog`och woolen - jundan qilingan jun beaten - o`rilgan, maydalangan 1. All the life and expression had gone out of his face; it was like a waxen mash 2. But she might be very miserable, she was so young, so friend less, so utterly alone among all those wooden people
absorbent - so`rib oluvchi, so`rg`ich abhorrent - jirkanch, jirkanchli abstient - normal, bir meyorda abherent - yopishqoq, ilashuvchan 1. It’s a perfectly magnificent face 2. “Kindly, explain to me” said Mr Burton, approaching the officir of gendarmerie what is the meaning of this violent intrusion into a private house? 3. “I presume” replied the officir softly, “that you will recognize this as a suffecient px plaination, the English Ambassador certainly will” U) – esque; Byzantinesque – Vizantiyacha stil Picturesque - aniq, ravshan, tasviriy He’s pretty enough, but he’s not half so picturesque as his father Y) – ful; Fashful - uyatrang All – powerful - har narsa qo`lidan keladigan Careful - g`amho`r, serharakat Delightful - maftun qiluvchi jozibali Fearful - qo`rqinchli vahimali 1. I don’t ask you to make any promises to me; I only ask you to remember this and to be careful 2. On the staircase the Italian servants were waiting anxious and sorrowful 3. It’s only her spiteful tongue and if you want help, cash or anything – let me know, will you?
alsation - elgasga oid agrarean - yovvoyi holda o`suvchi (daraxt) athenion - Afinaga oid Afinaniki 1. It was just a year since her death, and the Italian servants had not forgotten her 2. He Italian school mates called her Gemma l) – ic; archias - arshak, eskirgan demothenic - shirinso`z, so`zga usta acetic - sirka solingan acrobatic - akrobatikaga oid 1. I sat beside that youth at dinner, he was just as acstatic over the roast fown as over those grubby little weeds 2. Wasn’t she the most perfectly angelic woman you ever saw
amsorbing - o`zigf yutib oluvchi ilashuvchi amazing - hayratda qoldiruvchi ajoyib 1. The spent the afternoon drifting about in a little sailing boat 2. The word was uttered in a hasty whesper that seemed to deepen the ensuing silence 3. The blossoming time of their hope was come, and the Padre would see it and believe n) – ish; aduish - titroq babyish - bolalarcha, bolalarga xos womanish - xotinlarga o`xshash 1. Jim was a childish corruptoin of her curious name Jennifer 2. He oppened the door and Arthur followed him into the room with a foolish, secret sence of resentment o) – we; demonstrative - ko`rgazmali ko`rish uchun absorotive - o`zigf yutib oluvchi adoptive - asrab farzand qilib olingan 1. Arthur was peculeary sensitive to the influence of scenery … 2. He followed Enrico to the massive gate; and without a word of fare will descended n) – ite; oppside - qarama-qarshi 1. … if I were leaving a favourite pupil and I would like to know you were under…
baseless - ma’nosiz airless - havosi chiqarilgan, havosiz cashless - yonida puli yo`q pulsiz artless - sodda, san’atkor causeless - sababsiz, asossiz 1 But she might be very miserable she was so young, so freindless, so uterly alone among all those wooden people 2. A blind sensiless, wild – beast fury was beginning to stir with in him like alive thing 3. In any cass the truth will be sure to come out and you will find it useless to screen yourself behind evasion and denials
manlike - erkakcha, erkakchasiga childlike - bolalarga xos samimiy homelike - oilaviy, do`stlarcha 1. … he was stuck as he had not been earler by the anaes thetized rather than god like detachment 2. … and kissed each other cosy and intimate and unwarlike m) – ly; beggarly - kambag`al, qashshoq wobbly - qiyshaygan, tik turmas womenly - ayollarga xos ayollardek 1. Hasn’t she lovely eyes 2. Let’s us walk on a bit, it is chilly for standing u) – orii advisory - maslahatli, bitishuvchi benedistory - ehsoniy hayrli admonitory - ogohlantiradigan 1. After some desultory conversation the Director inquired how long he had know Montanelli 2. I hope you are quite well and have made satis factory progress at college f) – ous; acetous - sirka solingan (uksos) abstemious - sabrli, qanoatli acidulous - nordon, nordon ta’mli advantageous - o`ngidan kelgan, qulay 1. “It – it was n-not a r – regular meeting” he said with a nervous little stammar 2. … by gentle persuasion and reasoning from the dengerous path upon which he had …
handsome - chiroyli (o`g`il bolaga nisbatan) delight some - juda yaxshi ajoyib trouble some - zeriktiruvchi tiresome - xira jonga tegadigan 1. A sort of professional dealer in sharp speeches, that goes about the word 2.2§.4. KESIM VAZIFASIDA ISHLATILGAN SIFATLARNING SINTAKTIK VA SEMANTIK ANALIZI Biz gaplarni sintaktik va semantik hususiyatlarini aniqlashda kо‘proq professor A. M. Muxin asarlaridan foydalanamiz va u tomonidan qо‘llanilgan sintaktik elementar birlik nazariyalari orqali gaplarni taxlil qilamiz. Yuqorida kirish qismida aytib о‘tganimizdek gapning qurilishida elementar sentaktik birliklarning ikki turini gapning komponenti strukturasini ikkinchisi esa gapning sintaksemali strukturasini tashkil etadi. U yoki boshqa birliklarning harakterli tomoni ularning sintaktik bо‘limmasliklari hisoblanadi. Shuning natijasida u elementar sintaktik birliklar deb nomlanadi. A. M. Muxin nazariyasiga kо‘ra 6 ta sentaktik semantik bog‘lanish mavjud bо‘lib, ular: 1. Yadroviy predikativ bog‘lanish 2. Noyadroviy predikativ bog‘lanish 3. Subordinativ predikativ bog‘lanish 4. Koordinativ predikativ bog‘lanish 5. Appozitiv predikativ bog‘lanish 6. Introduktiv predikativ bog‘lanish
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Sintaktik semantik bog‘lanishlarni qaysi gapda qanday komponent bilan о‘zaro birikishini bilish uchun tilga chuqur kirib boramiz. Ularni manbalardan olingan misollar orqali isbotlaymiz. Endi esa misollarimizni yuqorida aytilgan yadroviy predikativ bog‘lanishda gap komponentlari sifatida taxlil qilib kо‘ramiz. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili gaplarda oddiy, yasama, qо‘shma sifatlarning predikativ funksiyasida ishlatilishi kо‘proq kuzatamiz. Aksariyat misollar “to be” bog‘lovchi fe’li bilan ishlatiladi.
The young man was silent (N.M.p - 47)   1 2
NP1 NP2 Quyidagi gapda kо‘rinib turganidek yuniksion modelda komponentlar soni 2 ta bо‘lib gapning egasi -The young man, kesim - was silent murakkab ot kesim, to be bog‘lovchi fe’l silent – sifat tuzilishiga kо‘ra oddiy ma’nosiga kо‘ra oddiy daraja. Biz yuqorida gapning yuniksion va komponent modullari haqida gap yuritdik. “Modul” atamasining ma’nosi modullashtirish ilmiy tadqiqot metodi tushunchasi bilan bog‘liq. Shu bilan bog‘liq holda biz quyidagi bog‘lanish modelini kо‘ramiz. YA’ni yuniksion modelni (lotin tilidagi “juinctio” sо‘zidan olingan bо‘lib, “bog‘lanish” degan ma’noni bildiradi.) gap va gapning komponentli moduli sfatida aksariyat gaplarda 2 ta asosiy bog‘lanish mavjuddir. Ulardan biri yadroviy predikativli boshqasi esa tobe yoki subordinativdir. Yuniksion model asosida esa komponent model yaratilgan. Sintakmatik bog‘lanishlar ba’zida gapning har birida esa va yadroviy predikativ komponenti (NP1) va kesim ya’ni gapning yadroviy kesimli komponanti (NP2) hamda yana tobe komponentlariga (D) ajraladi. 1 (2) 2 The sea was low (D.D.-p 95) 1 2
NP1 NP2 Ingliz tili gaplarida sifatning predikativ funksiyasi yasashda “to be” bog‘lovchi fe’lidan tashqari yordamchi fe’llar to become, grow, get, feel, turn, seem, go, keep ham “to be” bog‘lovchi fe’llari о‘rnida kela oladi va ularning semantikasi (ma’no mazmuni) о‘zgarmaydi. Yuqoridagi berilgan misolni biz о‘zgartirib “to be”ning о‘rniga “become” ni qо‘yib kо‘ramiz: The sea become’s low. О‘zgartirilgan misolning sentaktik semantikasiga asosan komponentla soni ham ma’nosi xam о‘zgarmaydi.
3. It seem’s odd 1 2
NP1 NP2
4. He turned red. “turn” ning o`rniga “get” ni qo`yib ishlatsa bo`ladi. He got red 5. Judy feel’s awful 6. You look well 7. The street’s got wider Ega va kesim bir-birlarisiz hech qachon klafikatsiyalash mumkin emas. Shubxasiz “ega” va “kesim” atamalari shartli ravishda yadroli preditsirli tur deb va gapning predikatsiyalovchi komponenti deb qabul qilishi mumkin.
1. I got angry listening to him (NW-179)  1 2 3 4
NP1 NP2 DP1 DP2 1 2 3 4 2. You make me sick 1 2 3 4
NP1 NP2 DP1 DP2 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 3. They consider working so hard is foolish 
1 2 3 4 5 6
NP1 NP2 DP1 D1 D2 DP2 Subordinativ bog‘lanish. Subordinativ yoki tobe bog‘lanish gapning strukturasi asosini tashkil qilmaydi. Yoki predikativ bog‘lanishdan farqli u bir tomonlama yо‘nalishga ega.  uning komponent modeli ya’ni to be komponentdir (d) masalan buni kо‘rsatish uchun tushirib qoldirish metodi transformatsiyaga e’tibor qaratish lozim.
1 (2) (2) (2) 3 1. She is growing worse day by day (HM p-234)  1 2 3
She is growing worse day by day (is growing worse) day by day Kо‘rib turganimizdek berilgan gapda 3 ta komponent bо‘lib, she ega, is growing worse – kesim (murakkab ot-kesim grew – bog‘lovchi fe’l, worse – sifat tuzilishiga kо‘ra oddiy ma’nosiga kо‘ra qiyosiy daraja). Shuni alohida ta’kidlab о‘tish kerakki, misolda predikativ funksiyasida kelgan sifatning negizi butunlay о‘zgarib ketgan va “to be” fe’lining “is” shakli bu yerda bog‘lovchi sifatida emas, balki gap hozirgi zamon davom fe’lida bо‘lganligi uchun ishlatilgan. Bog‘lama esa “grow” hisoblanadi. Day by day sо‘zlari gapda ibora sifatida kelgan. Agar ularni ajratib alohida komponent qilib olsak, hech qanday ma’no anglatmaydi. Shuning uchun ular ajralmas hisoblanadi. “Grow” ning о‘rniga “become” yoki “get” bog`lamasini qo`ysa ham ma’no o`zgarmaydi. She is getting worse day by day. She is becoming worse day by day
1 2 3 4 5  NP1 D1 NP2 D2 D3
I often get angry talking to him …. Often get angry talking to him I…. talking to him I often get angry Quite – ravish o`rniga so very rather too most ravishlarini qo`yib ishlatish mumkin. To see motionless figures was quite wonderful … motionless figures was quite wonderful To see motionless figures … To see … was quite wonderful 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 5. My own interest in the new drug was great 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. She was young brilliant 1 2 3
Yuniksion modelida kо‘rinib turibdiki, gapning 2 va 3 komponentlari bir yadroviy predikativ komponent bilan emas xatto о‘zaro uyushgan ya’ni koordinativ bog‘langan. Koordinativ bog‘lanishning hususiyati shundaki, uni ifodalash, bog‘lash sifatida qarama-qarshi sifatida va ayiruvchi bog‘lovchilar sifatida ishlatiladi. Y. G. Bryanbaum teng bog‘lovchilar haqida quyidagilarni yozadi. Teng bog‘lovchi yordamchi sо‘z sifatila juda kerakki u bir xil bо‘lakli sо‘zlarni bog‘laydi. Unda bu bog‘lovchini kiritish bilan birdan gapning bir xil bо‘lagi ekanini bildiradi. Xar hil biriktirilgan koordinativ bog‘lash elementlari odatda gapda hech qanaqa grammatik buzilishsiz tushirib qoldirish mumkin. To person and Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive To person… Mr Watkins was less aggressive To … Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive Shu yerda shuni aytib о‘tish joizki, yuqoridagi misolning kesimi – was less aggressive bо‘lib aggressive sifati yasama sifat hisoblanadi. Less, esa qiyosiy daraja emas balki egressive sifatini aniqlab infornatsiyani kamaytirish uchun ishlatilgan: 1 2 3 (4) 4 To person and Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive (HW p-136) 1 2 3 4
Quyidagi oxirgi misolga diqqatimizni qaratadigan bо‘lsak, kamdan-kam misollarda biz fe’llarning tushib qolgan xolatini kuzatamiz ya’ni murakkab tо‘ldiruvchi bilan ifodalangan bо‘lsa biz murakkab tо‘ldiruvchining ikki qismdan: bosh kelishikdagi ot va obyekt kelishigidagi olmoshdan iboratligini bilamiz. Murakkab tо‘ldiruvchi odatda beshta sezgi fe’llari bilan ishlatiladi. To see, to watch, to hear, to notice, to fell Bunga qо‘shimcha qilib biz make va let fe`llarini ham kiritamiz. Misolda biz make ni “majburlamoq” deb tarjima qilamiz. Fe`llarimizning isboti sifatida biz tushib qolgan bog`lovchini qo`yib ko`ramiz. He made them to be bigger and better He made them get bigger and better Opozitiv sintaksem bog`lanish bir komponenti ikkinchi komponent bilan biriktiradi va gapning ikkinchi komponenti orqali uchinchisiga bog`laydi. Yuniksion modelida appozitiv bog`lanish ohiridagi strelka chizig`I bilan emas balki o`rtasida beriladi.
There was red in his cheeks  NP1 NP2 D1 D2
Yuniksion modelda kо‘rinib turibdiki sintaktik appozitiv bog‘lanish bir komponenti ikkinchisi bilan u orqali uchinchisi bilan biriktiradi. Sintaktik appozitiv komponentining kesim bilan bog‘lanishini tushirib qoldirish eksprimenti bilan tasdiqlanadi. There at the table he sat asleep … at the table he sat asleep … there … he sat asleep. Introduktiv bog‘lanish kirish sо‘zlari orqali ifodalangan bog‘lanish hisoblanadi. Masalan: At first, so, may be, of course, perhaps, at last ….
You’ill manage it of course NP1 NP2 D1 Biz yuqorida elementar sintaktik birlikdan biri gapning komponenti strukturasini misollar orqali ozmi, kо‘pmi kо‘rib chiqdik. Endi elementar sintaktik birlikning ikkinchisi gapning sintaksemali strukturasini kо‘rib chiqamiz. “Sintksema” tushunchasini Moskvalik professor Zolotova ham о‘z nazariy asarlarida ishlatgan. Kо‘p nazariyalar orqali sintaksis semantika 80 dan ortiq kategoriyalarni о‘z ichiga oladi deb ta’kidlangan. Ammo biz A. M. Muxin nazariyasiga kо‘ra 3 ta katta sintaksis semantik kategoriyalarga bо‘lamiz. Ular: Substansiya (narsani bildiruvchi), Kualikativ (narsaning hususiyati) va Protsessual (ish-harakatni) о‘z navbatida ularni xam kichik kategoriyalarga bо‘lamiz. Lokativ (joyni) Temporal (vaqt) Stativ (xolat), Reliativ (nisbiy belgilarni) va xokazolar. Lokativ sintaksemi lokativ belgisini о‘rin joyini, narsa yoki ish-harakatning va jarayonning sodir bо‘ladigan joyini kо‘rsatadi. Uni misollar orqali kuzatamiz. 1. I was asleep in my little room (HW P-48) 2. Shefford got a friendly getting from bishop (ZG p-18) 3. The door were shut from outside (MG p-100) 4. Cold dregs looked pasty in the cup (MGp-137) 5. He become motionless on hands and knees (HWp-97)
Xulosa qilib shuni aytish kerakki, bitiruv malakaviy ishimizni tadbiq qilish davomida, sifatning gapda predikativ vazifasida ishlatilishini, hamda sintaktik va simantik xususiyatlarini xar tomonlama amaliy va nazariy jihatdan о‘rganib chiqdik. Izlanishlar davomida kо‘pgina professor olimlarimizning fikrlaridan foydalanib, ularni kengroq qilib yoritishga harakat qildik. Shu bilan birga gapda sifatning predikativ funksiyasini yasashda, sifat va bog‘lovchi fe’llarning bir-birlariga uzviy bog‘liqligini, hamda ular bir – birlarini inkor etmasliklarini kuzatdik. Shu о‘rinda umumiy akademik kitoblarida “link verb” (bog‘lovchi fe’l) tushunchasi haqida, u nafaqat bog‘lashi balki unga qо‘shimcha qancha-qancha ma’no berishi haqida aytib о‘tiladi. Bundan tashqari biz ishimizda sifatning aniqlovchi vazifasida kelishi tо‘g‘risida ham tо‘htalib о‘tdik. Bularni amaliy jihatdan tadbiq qilishda asosan R. A. Slose, Geoffrey Luch, M. A. Galishina, Belyayeva va K. N. Kachalovalarnng ilmiy adabiyotlaridan foydalandik. Shuningdek sifatning yana bir gapdagi asosiy vazifasi sо‘z birikmalari bilan kelishidir. Biz ishimish davomida ularning 3 turini о‘rgandik. Aksariyat sifatlar predlogli iboralartbilan ifodalanib ayrimlarini tushurib qoldirishi trasformatsiyasidan foydalangan holda ma’no mohiyatini belgiladik. Ishimizni nazariy jihatdan о‘rganishda esa kо‘proq L. L. Iofik, B. A. Ilshi va A. M. Muxin asarlariga tayangan holda nazariy fikrlarning xususiyatlarini kо‘rsatib berishga urindik. Sintaktik aloqalarni belgilash turlari va ularning prinsiplarini aniqlashda, sintaktik va simantik bog‘lanishlarni qaysi gapda qanday komponent bilan ishlatilishini belgilashda tilga chuqurroq kirib borib, isbotlash maqsadida manbalardan misollar oldik. Sintaksemani ajratishda biz lingvistik metoddan foydalandik. U gapni va uning bо‘laklarini turli yо‘l bilan transformatsiyalashdan iborat. Ular tushurib qoldirish transformatsiyasi, almashtirish transformatsiyasi va xokazolar. Predikativ funksiyasidagi sifatlarni tadbiq qilishda temporal, lokativ, stativ, kauzal sintaksemalaridan foydalandik. Xulosaning yakunida shuni aytish kerakki, ingliz sifati haqida kо‘p narsa aytilmagan bо‘lsada, olimlarning sifat haqidagi muaamoga qiziqishi ancha katta. Hali tilshunoslarning kо‘plab xal qilinmagan vazifalarni bajarish zarurligini kо‘rsatsada zamonaviy amerikan va ingliz mualliflarining badiiy asarlarida sifat va predikativ funksiyali sifatlardan keng foydalanilgan. Shuningdek u о‘zining leksik ma’nodorligi bilan, kо‘pincha ma’no nozikliklarini bо‘rttirib ifodalash orqali kо‘tarinkilik ruhini berish uchun zarur bо‘lganligini kо‘rsatadi.
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