Нафас олиш системаси Нафас аъзоларининг функционал анатомияси. Нафас аъзолари сохасидаги безлар. Плевра. Кукс оралиги. Respiratory system

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

The two nasal cavities are separated by a dividing wall (nasal septum) consisting partly of bone, partly of cartilage. The surface of the side walls of the nasal cavity is significantly enlarged by the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae. The nasal conchae (turbinates) are bony projections covered by a mucous membrane, each enclosing a nasal meatus. The floor is formed by the hard and soft palate. The nasal cavities open to the outside through the nostrils (nares). Inside each nostril sits a ring of short hairs that guard against foreign bodies. The transition to the pharynx is formed by the posterior nasal apertures (choanae).

The olfactory mucosa (olfactory region) lies in the superior nasal concha and the upper portion of the nasal septum. It contains numerous olfactory nerves (fila olfactoria), that exit in the roof of the nose through the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone. The mucosa covering the remaining parts of the nasal cavity (respiratory region) warms, moistens, and purifies the inspired air. The respiratory region contains numerous veinsand, especially around the turbinates, they form a cavernous plexus that, when full, can cause the mucous membrane to swell markedly (surface expansion).

The paranasal sinuses include the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid (with the ethmoid air cell), and sphenoidal sinuses.

Нафас аъзоларининг узига хос тузилиши шундан иборатки унинг деворлари тананинг холатининг узгариши, харакат килиш жараёнида сикилиб колмайдиган тогай пластинкаларидан тузилган булади. Нормал нафас олиш - бурун оркали нафас олиш булиб хисобланади. Чунки бурун бушлигида химоя вазифасини бажарадиган хид били рецепторлари ва киприкли эпителий хужайралари булади. Нафас аъзоларининг хамма кисмига хос тузилиш :

• 
  найсимон тузилишга эга;
  
• 
  ички каватидаги хужайралар шиллик (секрет) ишлаб чикаради;
  
• 
  сегментар бронхларгача ички юзаси киприкли эпителий билан копланган