1953 First successful open-heart bypass surgery Philadelphia physician John H. Gibbon performs the first successful open-heart bypass surgery on 18-year-old Cecelia Bavolek, whose heart and lung functions are supported by a heart-lung machine developed by Gibbon. The device is the culmination of two decades of research and experimentation and heralds a new era in surgery and medicine. Today coronary bypass surgery is one of the most common operations performed.
1954 First human kidney transplant A team of doctors at Boston’s Peter Bent Brigham Hospital successfully performs the first human kidney transplant. Led by Joseph E. Murray, the physicians remove a healthy kidney from the donor, Ronald Herrick, and implant it in his identical twin brother, Richard, who is dying of renal disease. Since the donor and recipient are perfectly matched, the operation proves that in the absence of the body’s rejection response, which is stimulated by foreign tissue, human organ transplants can succeed. 1954 First human kidney transplant A team of doctors at Boston’s Peter Bent Brigham Hospital successfully performs the first human kidney transplant. Led by Joseph E. Murray, the physicians remove a healthy kidney from the donor, Ronald Herrick, and implant it in his identical twin brother, Richard, who is dying of renal disease. Since the donor and recipient are perfectly matched, the operation proves that in the absence of the body’s rejection response, which is stimulated by foreign tissue, human organ transplants can succeed. 1960 First totally internal pacemaker Buffalo, New York, electrical engineer Wilson Greatbatch develops the first totally internal pacemaker using two commercial silicon transistors. Surgeon William Chardack implants the device into 10 fatally ill patients. The first lives for 18 months, another for 30 years. 1963 Laser treatments to prevent blindness Francis L’Esperance, of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, begins working with a ruby laser photo-coagulator to treat diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness in the United States. In 1965 he begins working with Bell researchers Eugene Gordon and Edward Labuda to design an argon laser for eye surgery. (They learn that the blue-green light of the argon laser is more readily absorbed by blood vessels than the red light of the ruby laser.) In early 1968, after further refinements and careful experiments, L’Esperance begins using the argon-ion laser to treat patients with diabetic retinopathy. 1970s (Late) Arthroscope introduced Advances in fiber-optics technology give surgeons a view into joints and other surgical sites through an arthroscope, an instrument the diameter of a pencil, containing a small lens and light system, with a video camera at the outer end. Used initially as a diagnostic tool prior to open surgery, arthroscopic surgery, with its minimal incisions and generally shorter recovery time, is soon widely used to treat a variety of joint problems.
1971 First soft contact lens Bausch & Lomb licenses Softlens, the first soft contact lens. The new product is the result of years of research by Czech scientists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim and is based on their earlier invention of a "hydrophilic" gel, a polymer material that is compatible with living tissue and therefore suitable for eye implants. Soft contacts allow more oxygen to reach the eye’s cornea than do hard plastic lenses. 1971 First soft contact lens Bausch & Lomb licenses Softlens, the first soft contact lens. The new product is the result of years of research by Czech scientists Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim and is based on their earlier invention of a "hydrophilic" gel, a polymer material that is compatible with living tissue and therefore suitable for eye implants. Soft contacts allow more oxygen to reach the eye’s cornea than do hard plastic lenses. 1972 CAT or CT scan is introduced Computerized axial tomography, popularly known as CAT or CT scan, is introduced as the most important development in medical filming since the X ray some 75 years earlier. (See Imaging) 1978 First cochlear implant surgery Graeme Clarke in Australia carries out the first cochlear implant surgery. Advances in integrated circuit technology enable him to design a multiple electrode receiver-stimulator unit about the size of a quarter. 1980s Controlled drug delivery technology developed Robert Langer, professor of chemical and biochemical engineering at MIT, develops the foundation of today’s controlled drug delivery technology. Using pellets of degradable and nondegradable polymers such as polyglycolic acid, he fashions a porous structure that allows the slow diffusion of large molecules. Such structures are turned into a dime-size chemotherapy wafer to treat brain cancer after surgery. Placed at the site where a tumor has been removed, the wafer slowly releases powerful drugs to kill any remaining cancer cells. By confining the drug to the tumor site, the wafer minimizes toxic effects on other organs. 1981 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner introduced The first commercial MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner arrives on the medical market. (See Imaging.)
1982 First permanent artificial heart implant Seattle dentist Barney Clark receives the first permanent artificial heart, a silicone and rubber device designed by many collaborators, including Robert Jarvik, Don Olsen, and Willem Kolff. William DeVries of the University of Utah heads the surgical transplant team. Clark survives for 112 days with his pneumatically driven heart. 1982 First permanent artificial heart implant Seattle dentist Barney Clark receives the first permanent artificial heart, a silicone and rubber device designed by many collaborators, including Robert Jarvik, Don Olsen, and Willem Kolff. William DeVries of the University of Utah heads the surgical transplant team. Clark survives for 112 days with his pneumatically driven heart.
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