1950s Medical fluoroscopy and night vision Russell Morgan, a professor of radiological science at Johns Hopkins University, Edward Chamberlain, a radiologist at Temple University, and John W. Coltman, a physicist and associate director of the Westinghouse Research Laboratories, perfect a method of screen intensification that reduces radiation exposure and improves fluoroscopic vision. Their image intensifier in fluoroscopy is now universally used in medical fluoroscopy and in military applications, including night vision. 1950s X-ray crystallography reveal helical structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin uses x-ray crystallography to create crystal-clear x-ray photographs that reveal the basic helical structure of the DNA molecule. 1950s X-ray crystallography helps solve mystery British chemists Max Perutz and Sir John Kendrew use x-ray crystallography to solve the structure of the oxygen-carrying proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin. They win the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1962.
1958 Imaging device to detect tumors Hal Anger invents a medical imaging device that enables physicians to detect tumors and make diagnoses by imaging gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes. Now the most common nuclear medicine imaging instrument worldwide, the camera uses photoelectron multiplier tubes closely packed behind a large scintillation crystal plate. The center of the scintillation is determined electronically by what is known as Anger logic. 1958 Imaging device to detect tumors Hal Anger invents a medical imaging device that enables physicians to detect tumors and make diagnoses by imaging gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes. Now the most common nuclear medicine imaging instrument worldwide, the camera uses photoelectron multiplier tubes closely packed behind a large scintillation crystal plate. The center of the scintillation is determined electronically by what is known as Anger logic. 1959 Ultrasound Ian Donald, a professor working at the University of Glasgow’s Department of Midwifery, and his colleagues develop practical technology and applications for ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in obstetrics and gynecology. Ultrasound displays images on a screen of tissues or organs formed by the echoes of inaudible sound waves at high frequencies (20,000 or more vibrations per second) beamed into the body. The technique is used to look for tumors, analyze bone structure, or examine the health of an unborn baby. 1960 Radioisotopes for research, diagnosis, and treatment of disease Powell Richards and Walter Tucker, and many colleagues at the Bureau of Engineering Research at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, invent a short halflife radionuclide generator that produces technetium-99m for use in diagnostic imaging procedures in nuclear medicine—a branch of medicine that uses radioisotopes for research, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. (Technetium-99m was discovered in 1939 by Emilio Segrè and Glenn Seaborg.) 1960s Optical lithography Semiconductor manufacturing begins using optical lithography, an innovative technology using a highly specialized printing process that places intricate patterns onto silicon chips, or wafers. In the first stage an image containing the defining pattern is projected onto the silicon wafer, which is coated with a very thin layer of photosensitive material called "resist." The process is still used to manufacture integrated circuits and could continue to be used through the 100-nanometer generation of devices.
1960s and 1970s Space-based imaging begins Space-based imaging gets under way throughout the 1960s as Earth-observing satellites begin to trace the planet’s topography. In 1968 astronauts on Apollo 7, the first piloted Apollo mission, conduct two scientific photographic sessions and transmit television pictures to the American public from inside the space capsule. In 1973 astronauts aboard Skylab, the first U.S. space station, conduct high-resolution photography of Earth using photographic remote-sensing systems mounted on the spacecraft as well as a Hasselblad handheld camera. Landsat satellites launched by NASA between 1972 and 1978 produce the first composite multispectral mosaic images of the 48 contiguous states. Landsat imagery provides information for monitoring agricultural productivity, water resources, urban growth, deforestation, and natural change. 1960s and 1970s Space-based imaging begins Space-based imaging gets under way throughout the 1960s as Earth-observing satellites begin to trace the planet’s topography. In 1968 astronauts on Apollo 7, the first piloted Apollo mission, conduct two scientific photographic sessions and transmit television pictures to the American public from inside the space capsule. In 1973 astronauts aboard Skylab, the first U.S. space station, conduct high-resolution photography of Earth using photographic remote-sensing systems mounted on the spacecraft as well as a Hasselblad handheld camera. Landsat satellites launched by NASA between 1972 and 1978 produce the first composite multispectral mosaic images of the 48 contiguous states. Landsat imagery provides information for monitoring agricultural productivity, water resources, urban growth, deforestation, and natural change. 1962 First PET transverse section instrument Sy Rankowitz and James Robertson, working at Brookhaven National Laboratory, invent the first positron emission tomography (PET) transverse section instrument, using a ring of scintillation crystals surrounding the head. (The first application of positron imaging for medical diagnosis occurred in 1953, when Gordon Brownell and William Sweet at Massachusetts General Hospital imaged patients with suspected brain tumors.) The following year David Kuhl introduces radionuclide emission tomography leading to the first computerized axial tomography, as well as to refinements in PET scanning, which is used most often to detect cancer and to examine the effects of cancer therapy. A decade later single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) methods become capable of yielding accurate information similar to PET by incorporating mathematical algorithms by Thomas Budinger and Grant Gullberg of the University of California at Berkeley.
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