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1.2 Features of translation

So, the question is «What Influences the translator?»

The potential influence and constraint the translator and on the process of translation is often placed on that exerted by the source language. The term ‘translationese’ is a common description for translated language that appears to be influenced by the source language, usually in an inappropriate way or to undue extent.
In the study of Johansson and Hofland (2000) of various aspects of English and Norwegian modal auxiliaries and modal particles, observe that the choices made in translation tend to reflect source-text influence.
Simplification – the idea that translators subconsciously simplify the language or message or both.
Explicitation – the tendency to spell things out in translation, including in its simplest form, the practice of adding background information.
Normalisation or Conservatism – the tendency to conform to patterns and practices that are typical of the target language, even the point of exaggerating them. Levelling Out – the tendency of translated text to gravitate around the center of any continuum rather than move towards the fringe.
Baker (1993) explains universal features of translation as being «features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistics systems». The universal features of translation concern simplification, explicitation, normalization and leveling out.
Explicitation involves adding material in the target text that is implicit in the source text. It means that the translator expands the target text by inserting additional words to be more explicit on a number of levels than non-translated texts. Explicitation is observed in the way in which cultural information is spelled out for target-language readers who would not be familiar with the cultural references of the source text. Example of Explicitation: SL: «Bodies stripped bare, mutilated and left to rot in the sun». TL: «Tubuh mereka ditelanjangi dan dipotong-potong dan dibiarkan membusuk di terik matahari».
The above sentence demonstrates additional words to make the meaning clear without altering the significance; the word mereka is added to point whose bodies that are stripped, dipotong-potong as a reduplication word of Indonesian refers to mutilated, and terik matahari is to clarify the hotness of the sun where the bodies left to rot in. It was done in order to get a better and exact perceptive dealing with what actually say in the scene. Therefore, the TL is in an accurate sense in such a way.
Normalization or Conservatism by Baker (1996) «The tendency to conform to patterns and practices which are typical of the target language, even to the point of exaggerating them. In this way, translation uses language in a more conventional or normalized way than non – translated texts»
Normalization or conservatism refers to concepts of ‘domesticating’ (keeping the form) and ‘foreignizing’ (adapting the meaning) translation.
Simplifcation. This phenomenon is reflected in various strategies including the breaking up of long sentences, omission of redundant or repeated information, shortening of complex collocations, etc. Levelling out is the tendency of translated text to gravitate towards the centre of a continuum rather than move towards the fringes. Co-occurrence is occurrence of the two terms from a text corpus alongside each other in a certain order. In their study of the optional reporting that, Olohan and Baker (2000) state linguistics literature on use and omission of that with range of verbs indicates omission to be more likely in informal contexts. Cont’ by Olohan (2003) – in the framework of both explicitation and normalization – contracted forms in translated fiction and biography text (a subset of the TEC) compared with non-translation (a subset of the imaginative writing section of the BNC). BNC text are more likely to omit that and use contractions; the TEC text are more likely to include that and not use contractions.
Early Modern English as a literary medium was unfixed in structure and vocabulary in comparison to Greek and Latin, and was in a constant state of flux. When William Shakespeare began writing his plays, the English language was rapidly absorbing words from other languages due to wars, exploration, diplomacy and colonization. By the age of Elizabeth, English had become widely used with the expansion of philosophy, theology and physical sciences, but many writers lacked the vocabulary to express such ideas. To accommodate, writers such as Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare expressed new ideas and distinctions by inventing, borrowing or adopting a word or a phrase from another language, known as neologizing. Scholars estimate that, between the years 1500 and 1659, nouns, verbs and modifiers of Latin, Greek and modern Romance languages added 30,000 new words to the English language.