Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz

Copulative Compounds
In addition to endocentric and exocentric compounds in English language, there is another type of compounds in regards to the semantic classification which are called copulative, in copulative compounds the constituents refer to properties of the same entity. According to Professor Ingo Plag, in copulative compounds, both components are equally important in relation to the meaning, thus none of them seems more important than the other. In this type of compounds both elements are heads and neither is subordinate to the other. Thus, each form refers to one entity which is characterized by both components of the compound. Examples of copulative compounds are: deaf-dumb, bitter-sweet (bitter and sweet), teacher-researcher (a person who is both as a teacher and a researcher), producer-director (a person who is both as a producer and a director), poet-translator (a person who is both as a poet and a translator) and many others.
2.2 Correlation between Compound words and Free Phrases
There has been proved with the help of linguistic analysis of extensive language that there exists a regular correlation between the system of free phrases and all types of subordinative and additive compounds.Correlation includes both the structure and the meaning of compound words, it also highlights the entire system of productive present-day English composition conditioning the derivational patterns and lexical types of compounds.The structural correlation appears itself in the morphological character of constituents, range of bases and their order and arrangement.It is essential to mention that correlative relations include only minimal, non-expanded nuclear types of phrases. The bases brought together in compound words are built only on the stems of those parts of speech that may form corresponding word groups.The head of the word-group becomes the head-member of the compound, i.e. its second component.The typical structural relations expressed in word groups syntactically are conveyed in compounds only by the nature and order of its bases.
Prof. A. I. Smirnitsky pointed out the rigid parallelism that has between free word-groups and derivational compound adjectives which he termed “grammatical compounds".
Compounds of each part of speech correlate only with certain types of minimal variable phrases. According to semantic approach correlation manifests itself in the fact that the semantic relations between the components of a compound mirror the semantic relations between the member-words in correlated word-groups. For example, compound adjectives of the n-v type, e.g. duty-bound, snow-covered, are somehow restricted by the instrumental relations typical of the correlated word-groups of V+ by/with + N type regardless of the actual lexical meanings of the bases. Compound nouns of the n-n type, e.g. story-teller, music-lover, watch-maker, all mirror the agentive relations proper to phrases of the N who V+N. a story-teller and one who tells stories, etc.
Correlation should not be understood as converting an actually functioning phrase into a compound word or the existence of an individual word-group in actual use as a binding condition for the possibility of a compound. On the contrary there is usually only a potential possibility of conveying the same semantic content by both a word-group and a compound, actually this semantic content is conveyed preferably either by a phrase or by a compound word.
Correlation, it follows, is a regular interaction and interdependence of compound words and certain types of free phrases which conditions both the potential possibility of appearance of compound words and their structure and semantic type. Thus, the fact that there is a potential possibility of individual phrases with the underlying pattern, for example, as A- as N in as white as snow, as red as blood presupposes a potential possibility of compound words of the n- a type snow-white, blood-red, etc. with their structure and meaning relation of the components preconditioned. It happens that in this particular case compound adjectives are more typical and preferred as a language means of conveying the quality based on comparison.
Structural and semantic correlation by no means implies identity or a one-to-one correspondence of each individual pattern of compound words to one phrase pattern. For example the n + n_-er type of compound nouns comprises different patterns, such as n+v-er— rocket-flyer, shoe-maker, bottle-opener; n +v -ing— rocket-flying, football-playing; n +v+ -ion — price-reduction. All these patterns differing in the individual suffix used in the final analysis correlate with verbal-nominal word-groups of the V+N type (e.g. to fly rockets), the meaning of the active doer (rocket-flyer) or the action (rocket-flying) is conveyed by the suffixes. However, the reverse relationship is not uncommon, e.g. one derivational pattern of compound adjectives (n+a) in words like oil-rich, sky-high, grass-green corresponds to a variety of word-group patterns which differ in the grammatical and semantic relationship between member-words expressed in phrases by different prepositions. Thus compound adjectives of this type may correspond to phrase patterns A +of + N, e.g.
case for (keeping) pencils; a suit for driving
e. g. the neck of the bottle; the handle of the door
e. g. a club in the country; a chair on wheels
e. g. a door (that) is a trap; the doctor is a woman
e. g. a fish like a sword; a hat like a bowler
e. g. a mill worked by the wind; a boat run by steam