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Qisqa m uddatli, uzoq muddatU va operativ xotira
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Qisqa m uddatli, uzoq muddatU va operativ xotira.
S o ‘nggi pay tlard a s o b i q Ittifoq va chet el psixologiyasida x o ti r a t a d q i q o t c h i l a r i n i n g c 'tib o rin i e s d a o lib q o lish n in g d a s t l a b k i , b o s h l a n g 'i c h d a q i q a l a r i d a v u j u d g a k e la d ig a n h o l a t l a r , j u m l a d a n , t a s h q i ta a ss u ro t iz l a r in in g m u s t a h - k a m la n is h ig a c h a b o ‘lg an ja ra y o n la r, h o la tla r m e x a n iz m la r i, s h u n i n g d e k , u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l a n i s h m u d d a t l a r i o lziga j a l b q i l ib k e l n i o q d a . M a s a l a n , b i r o r m a t e r i a l ( s h a k li, m o h i y a t i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r ) x otirada m u s t a h k a m j o y olishi u c h u n u n in g subyekti tegishli ravishda q ayta ishlab chiqishi, z a r u r m ateria lla rin i is h la b chiqish u c h u n m a ’lu m m u d d a t t a l a b etishi tabiiydir. A n a shu m u d d a t o ra li g 'i d a x o tirad a q a y t a t i k la n a y o tg a n i z la r Mkonsolidatsiya“ Iash, y a 'n i m u s - t a h k a m l a s h d e b q a b u l q ilinga n. M a z k u r j a r a y o n n i i n s o n y a q i n g i n a d a b o 'l i b o ‘tgan h o d i s a l a r n i a k s s a d o s i d a y k c c h i n m a s i f a t i d a b o s h d a n k e c h ir a d i va ta k o m i ll a s h ti r a d i . Inson b u n d a y la h za lard a b e v o s i t a id ro k q i l i n a y o t g a n n a rs a la rn i g o ly o k o ‘rish d a, eshitishda d av o m c ta y o tg a n d e k tu y u la d i. U s h b u jara y o n kelib c h i q i s h i j i h a t i d a n b e q a r o r , h a tto o ‘z g a r u v c h a n b o l a d i , a m m o u lar tajriba o r t t i r i s h m e x a n iz m la r in in g faoliyatida 248 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi m u h i m a h a m iy a t kasb e tadi. S h u bois, u l a r n i n g o ‘rn i s h u q a d a r a h a m iy a tlik i, b u j a r a y o n l a r g a esda olib q o l i s h , e s d a s a q la s h , a x b o r o tl a r , m a ï u m o t l a r , x a b a rla rn i q a y t a e sg a t u s h i r i s h n in g a lo h id a t u n sifa tid a qaraladi. U s h b u j a r a y o n o d a t d a psixologiya fanida q isqa m uddatli xotira d e b a tala d i. J u d a k o ‘p qaytarilish v a q a y t a tikla shla r n a tija s id a m a - te ria lni u z o q m u d d a t d a v o m i d a e sd a saqlab q o lish x a r a k te rli b o ' l g a n uzoq m u dd a tli x o tira d a n farqli o ' l a r o q , q i s q a m u d d a tl i xotira b ir m a r t a j u d a q isqa vaqt o r a l i g 'i d a i d r o k qilish va qayta tiklab, s o ‘ngra qisqa m uddatli e s d a o lib q o lish bilan xarakterlanadi. H o z irg i z a m o n ilmiy a d a b iy o t l a r id a q is q a m u d d a t l i x o ti r a n i n g quyidagi: b ir la h z a lik , zudlik, d a s t l a b k i , q i s q a m u d d a tli va b o sh q a a ta m a la ri m avjud. Operativ xotira. Inson bcvosita am alga o sh ira y o tg a n faol, t e z k o r h arak atlar, u sullar u c h u n xizm at qilu v ch i j a r a y o n n i a n g la tu v c h i m n e m i k holat o p e r a ti v xotira d e b a ta la d i. Hozirgi z a m o n psixologiyasida ush b u h o l a tn i n a m o y i s h qilish u c h u n u s h b u m isol keltiriladi: m a t e m a t i k a m a l n i bajarish g a kirishar e k a n m i z , biz u n i m u a y y a n b o kla k la r g a ajra tib hal qilishni m a q s a d q ilib q o ‘yam iz. S h u b o i s , o r a li q natijalarini y o d d a saqlashga in tila m iz , oxiriga y a q i n l a s h g a n sari ay rim m ate ria lla r e s d a n c h i q a boshlaydi. M a z k u r holat m a tn n i o ‘q u v c h i o ‘qishida, u n i k o ‘c h i r i b y o z is h id a , ijodiy fikr y u ritis h id a , aqliy fa o liy a tn i a m a l g a o sh irish id a yaqqol k o ‘zga ta s h la n a d i. M a z k u r fa o liy a td a x o t i r a n i n g o p e ra tiv b irlik la ri d e b n o m l a n a d i g a n q i s m l a r h a j m i , k o l a m i u y o k i b u f a o - liy a tn in g m uvaffaqiyatli y a k u n l a n i s h i g a t a ’sir k o 'r s a t a d i . X o tira d a o m ilk o r, te z k o r birlik la rn i tark ib t o p i s h i d a a n a s h u q is m la rn in g aniqlo v ch ilik a h a m iy a ti k a tta d ir. Q i s m n i n g hajm i, k o ‘lam i, aniqligi, labilligi, ta k tik va s t r a t e g i k x u s u - siyatga ega ekanligi m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a eg a ( m i s o l u c h u n , po c h ta qutisi). R a m z iy m a 'n o d a y u q o r i d a m u l o h a z a y u r i t i lg a n x o t i r a tu rlari quyidagi tarzda: o p e r a t i v — qisqa m u d d a t l i va u z o q m u d d a t l i uzviy b o g l i q l i k k a egadir. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi E sg a tushirish E sg a tushirishga x o t i r a jara y o n i sifatida t a ' r i f berilg a n - d a , u n i n g t a ’siri n a tija sid a u z o q m u d d a tli xo tira t iz im id a a w a l m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n turli xususiyatli m a te r ia lia r va taas- s u r o t l a r n i o p e ra tiv ( t e z k o r ) xotira jabhasiga k o ‘c h iris h n in g faollashuvi na z a rd a tu t i lad i. O l d i n o ‘z l a s h tirilg a n m a te r ia lla r n i n g x o t ir a d a q a y ta tik la n is h i, y a ’ni x o tira d a t o ‘planib (yigkilib) qolg an izlarning f a o ll a s h u v j a r a y o n i m u r a k k a b yoki yengil k e c h i s h i n i n g d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n tavsiflanishi m u m k in : a) bizni q u rs h a b t u r g a n narsa va h o d is a la r n i, h e c h ik k ila n m a s d a n „ a v to - m a t i k " t a rz d a tan ish ; b) q ariyb u nutilish d arajasid a b o 'lg a n n a r s a v a hodisalarni q iy in c h ilik va azob bilan eslash kabilar. A n a s h u t a l q i n d a n k e lib c h i q q a n h o l d a esga tu s h iris h j a r a y o n i n i n g ichki tu z ilishiga b i n o a n b ir n e c h ta turlarga a jr a t is h m aq sa d g a m u v o fiq : ta n is h — bevosita shaxs yoki n a r s a n i esga tu s h iris h (ix tiy o riy va ixtiyorsiz t a r z d a ) va e sla sh (x o tira ixtiyoriy yoki ixtiyorsiz h o la td a ) . Bu a s n o d a i n s o n n i n g t u r m u s h tarixi (h a y o tiy so ln o m a si), u n in g u n ir d a v o m i d a g i ( o n t o g e n e t i k ) x o tira si va u n i e s la s h sh a x s u c h u n a l o h i d a a h a m i y a t kasb etadi. T a n i s h — b u k o g n i t i v n u q t a y i n a z a r d a n t e v a r a k - a t r o f d a g i narsa va h o d is a la rn i inson t o m o n i d a n q a y t a idrok qilish sh a r o itid a esga tu s h i r i s h d a n iborat xo tira jara y o n i. T a n i s h m u a y y a n s h a x s n i n g h a y o ti va f a o li y a tid a k a tta a h a m i y a t g a ega. Bu x o t ir a ja ra y o n in in g sharofati tufayli biz k o 'r g a n , eshitg an n a r s a la r, hodisalar, voqeliklarni, in s o n - lar b i l a n qayta d u c h k e l g a n im iz d a ularni y a n g id an , b o s h d a n i d r o k q ilm a y m iz , balki ularn i qaysidir a lo m a tla ri, k o ‘ri- n ish i, xususiyatlari va b o sh q a la r g a asoslanib tan iy m iz . X u d d i s h u bois, te v a r a k - a tr o f d a g i o b y ek tlarn i (s u b y e k t- l a r n i ) i d r o k qilish ta jrib a s i b ila n u zviy b o g l i q b o l g a n t a n i s h ja ra y o n i a t r o f - m u h i td a g i voqelik (realiya) b o ‘yicha t o ‘g ‘ri moMjal ( o r iy e n tir ) olishga im k o n y aratadi. T a n ish o ‘z i n i n g a n i q l i g i , k o l a m i , y o r q i n l i g i x u s u s i y a t l a r i va d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n h a r x i l ko'r in ish larg a ega. P sixologiyada 250 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t a n i s h ja r a y o n sifatida h a m ixtiyorsiz, h a m ix tiy o riy t a r z d a n a m o y o n b o 'lishi m u m k in . T a d q iq o t natijalariga k o 'r a , ta n is h t o 'l i q , y o r q i n , a n i q a m a lg a o sh g a n b o 'l s a , u h o l d a b i r d a q iq a li ixtiyorsiz aqliy h a ra k a t tarz id a k e c h a d i yoki y u z a g a keladi. Bu j a r a y o n d a h e c h q a n d a y jis m o n i y , asabiy, aqliy z o ‘riq ish siz, o ' z i m i z p a y q a m a g a n h o l d a a v v a l i d r o k q i l g a n j i s m l a r y o k i sub y ek tlarn i te z ta n iy m iz . C h u n k i , i n s o n n in g f'avqulodda tajribasi, h ayotiy tajribasi, faoliyati bilan ixtiy o rsiz t a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i n g t u r i q o ‘s h i l i s h i b k e t a d i . M a b o d o t a n i s h j a r a y o n i o 'z in i n g k o 'l a m i b ila n n o t o ‘liq b o l s a , u a l b a t t a n o a n i q xususiyat kasb c tadi. A g a rd a b ir o r o d a m n i k o ‘r- g a n d a „ t a n i s h l i k h iss i“ u y g ‘o n s a , u n i o l d i n ( a v v a l d a n ) bilg an k ishim izga o ‘xshashligi b o ‘y ic h a s h u b h a l a n i s h i m i z m um kin. S h u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r h a m u ch ra y d ik i, u n d a biz b i r o r i n s o n n i t a n i s a k - d a , b i ro q q a y t a rz d a , q a n d a y v a z iy a t d a u n i u c h r a tg a n i m iz n i xotirlay o lm a y m iz . B u n d a y h o ld ag i n o t o l i q yoki y e ta r li d a r a j a d a t o ‘liq b o ‘l m a g a n t a n i s h j a r a y o n i o ‘ziga xos m u r a k k a b ixtiyoriylik x u s u s iy a tla rin i kasb etad i. O b y e k tn i (su b y e k tn i) idrok q ilish g a a s o s la n g a n h o l d a u n i a n iq tan ish u c h u n b iz turli v a z iy a tla rn i e slash g a h a r a k a t qilam iz. B u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r t a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i esga tushirishga k o ‘c h g a n d a y t a s a w u r u y g ‘o ta d i. Esga tushirish j a r a y o n i t a n i s h d a n farqli o 'l a r o q , m o ‘l- j a ll a n g a n oby ek tn i (su b y e k tn i) q a y ta d a n i d r o k q i l m a s d a n eslash orqali bevosita a m a l g a oshiriladi. F avquloddagi d a q i q a la rd a r o ‘yobga c h i q a r ila y o tg a n fao- liyatning m a z m u n i esga t u s h iris h n i aks e t t i r s a - d a , u s h b u faoliyat m axsus t a rz d a u n i esga tu s h irish g a y o ‘n a l m a g a n b o 'l a d i . B u n d a y k o 'r i n i s h d a g i esga t u s h i r i s h i x t iy o r s iz d e y ils a -d a , u b i r o r - b ir tas h q i yoki ichki tu rtk is iz , o ‘z i d a n - o lzi y u z a g a kelm aydi. Ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h u r i s h n i n g turtkisi — b u p r e d m e t n i ( s u b y e k t n i ) i d r o k q i l i s h , t a s a w u r o b ra z la rin i yaratish , fik rla r n in g t u g ‘ilish j a r a y o n i h is o b - l a n i b , u la r n i m u a y y a n t a s h q i t a ’sirlar ( o m i l l a r ) k e ltirib c h iq arad i. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi T a s o d i f i y h o l a t la r d a o b y e k tla r n i (su b y e k tlarn i) idrok qilish y u z a g a k e itirg a n ixtiyorsiz esga tu sh irish b e ta r tib (x a o ti k ) b o 'l m a s d a n , balki m u a y y a n narsalarga y o ‘nalish x u su s iy a tig a egadir. F i k r v a o b r a z l a m i esga t u s h i r i s h n i n g m a z m u n i va y o ' n a l i s h i n i , avvalgi t a j r i b a l a r n i t o ' p l a n g a n b i l i m l a r — a s s o t s ia t s i y a l a r b elgilaydi. G o h o in so n t o m o n i d a n esga t u s h i r i s h t u r t k i l a r i s e z il m a s l i g i s a b a b li u s h b u j a r a y o n o ‘z i d a n - o ‘zi vujudga k e lg a n d a y tuyuladi. I x t i y o r s i z e s g a t u s h i r i s h y o ‘n a l g a n , t a s h k i l l a s h g a n b o ‘lishi u c h u n o b y e k t l a r n i ( s u b y e k tla r n i) id ro k qilish n i t a s o d i f i y t u r t k i e m a s , b a lk i m a z k u r d a q i q a l a r d a sh a x s t o m o n i d a n a m a l g a o s h i r i l a y o t g a n m u a y y a n f a o l i y a t m a z m u n i keltirib c h i q a r a d i . M a s a la n , o ‘qilgan k ito b n in g m a z m u n i t a ’sirida k ishida u n in g tajribalarini ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h i r i s h n i n g y o ‘nalganligi va tashkillashtirilganligi ortadi. M a z k u r m u l o h a z a la r d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o ld a ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h i r i s h n i ix tiy o rsiz e s d a o lib q o lis h j a r a y o n i s if a t i d a b o s h q a r i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o f i q . A g a r d a o l i y m a k t a b o 'q i t u v c h i s i m a ’ruzani m a n tiq li, m a 'n o l i, tartibli, tizimli a m a l g a o sh irsa , m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a talab a la rd a oldingi tajriba m a h s u ll a r in i ta s hkilla shtirish uqu v i ortadi. O d a t d a in so n o ‘z o ld ig a q o ‘ygan m a q s a d d a n kelib c h iq a d ig a n ixtiyoriy esga tu s h iris h n i re p ro d u k tiv topshiriq yoki m u a m m o yuzaga k eltirad i. M a b o d o o kzlashtirilgan m a te r ia ll a r x o t ir a d a p u x ta m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a ularn i esga tu sh iris h yengil k e c h a d i. B a 'z a n m a te ria lia rn i h a r q a n d a y v az iya tda, turli y o s h d a g i in s o n la r t o m o n i d a n eslash im k o n i vujudga k e l m a s a , u t a q d i r d a q iy i n c h ili k n i o s o n , yengil y e n g ish m a q s a d i d a faol q id iru v faoliyatini a m alg a osh irish za rur. B u n d a y y o 'sin d a g i esga tushirish eslash jara y o n i d e b ataladi. E slash ixtiyoriy e sd a olib qolishga o ‘xshab m u r a k k a b aqliy h a ra k a t xususiyatiga ega bo lishi m um kin. K a sb-koridan q a t ’i n a z a r, h a r q a n d a y shaxs oby ek t va subyektlarni o q ilo n a eslash k o ‘n ik m asin i ega lla shga intilishi (o d a tla n ish i) lozim . M a ’l u m k i , i n s o n n i n g o ‘z b i l im l a r i d a n f o y d a l a n i s h n i n g tayyorgarlik darajasi va mahsuldorligi unga bevosita bog liq d ir. 252 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi T a jrib a la rn in g k o ‘rsatishiga q a ra g a n d a , p u x ta , m u s t a h k a m e s d a olib qolish j a r a y o n i m u v affaqiyatli e sg a tu s h ir i s h n i t a ’m inlaydi. S h u n i ta 'k i d l a s h jo iz k i, eslash n in g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p j i h a t d a n r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h i r i q n i n g m a z m u n i n e c h o g i i q a n iq , y o rq in , a n i q l a n g a n boMishiga b o g l i q . M a b o d o eslash j a r a y o n i d a q i y i n c h i l i k l a r v u j u d g a k e l s a , u t a q d i r d a r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h ir i q m o h i y a t i d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o l d a f ik r la s h , x o t i r l a s h k c n g k o l a m d a g i b i l i m l a r d a n t o r r o q t i z i m l i b i l i m l a r sari y o 'n a l t i r i l i s h i j o i z . B u n i n g u c h u n d a s t a v v a l n i m a n i e s g a t u s h i r i s h a n i q l a n g a n d a n k e y i n a s s o t s i a t s i y a i a r n i f a o l l a s h t i r i s h n i a q s a d i d a s o l i s h t i r i s h , q i y o s l a s h , f a r q l a s h , o 'x s h a t i s h , a q l i y o p e r a t s i y a l a r d a n f o y d a la n i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o fiq . E slash x o t i r a n i n g esga tu sh irish ja ra y o n i singari ta n l a s h yoki sa ra la sh x u s u siy a tig a ega. Inson n u tq id a a n i q m u ja s s a m la s h g a n v a a n g l a n i lg a n re p ro d u k tiv to p s h iriq (vazifa, m asala , m u a m m o ) e s l a s h n in g keyingi aqliy h a r a k a tg a yo'n a ltirilg an lig i tu fa y li x o tira m a h s u i i n i n g e n g m u h i m i n i a jra tib y o k i t a n l a b o l i s h g a y o r d a m beradi. E s l a s h n i n g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p j i h a t d a n u n i a m a l g a o s h iris h d a aqliy usul va v o sita la rd a n q a n d a y f o y d a la n i s h g a b o g ’liq. X o tira n in g m u h i m vositalari q a to r i g a q u y id a g ila r kiradi: m ateria lla rn i ( k o i a m i va h ajm iga b i n o a n ) e s la s h n in g r e j a s i n i t u z i s h ; o b y e k t v a s u b y e k t m o h i y a t i h a m d a xususiyatiga m u ta n o s ib o b ra z la rn i (tim so llarn i) k o ‘z o ‘ngiga keltirish; bilvosita assotsiatsiyaiarni p a y d o qiluvchi m a q s a d g a y o ‘n altirilgan ichki va tash q i turtki ( m o tiv )la rn i q o ‘z g ‘atish va boshqarish. E s l a s h n i n g m u v a f f a q i y a t l i k e c h i s h i k o ‘p j i h a t d a n r e p r o d u k t i v t o p s h i r i q n i b a j a r i s h n i n g q a n c h a l i k a s o s - lan g an lig ig ajid d iy b o g ‘liq. M u a m m o n i n g a s o s la n g a n lig i u n i shaxs t o m o n i d a n an g lash sari yetaklaydi. Eslash j a r a y o n i o ‘t m i s h ta a s s u r o tl a r i n i o d d i y t a r z d a esga t u s h iris h g in a e m a s , balki u oldingi b i l im l a r n i n g y a n g i- lari bilan a lo q a g a kirishuvi, y a n g ic h a ta rtib g a k eltirilishi, c h u q u r r o q an g la n ish d arajasiga o ‘sib o ‘tishi h a m d i r . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi S h u n i t a ’kidlash lo z im k i, sh a x s d a eslash j a r a y o n i d a i s h o n c h hissining u y g ‘o n is h i esga tu sh irish g a k a t ta t a ’sir k o ‘rs a ta d i. X o t i r o t (e s d alik la rn in g shaxsiy m a jm u a si) — b u sh ax s- n i n g o ‘tm is h d a g i o b ra z la r, vo q elik lar va ta a s su ro tla rin in g f a z o v iy l a s h u v i h a m d a v a q t ( d a v r) j i h a t d a n a n i q ifo d a - la n ilis h ig a asoslanib esga tu shirishdir. X o tirla sh d a n a fa q a t o ‘t m i s h oby ek tlari va subyektlari esga tushiriladi, balki u lar m u a y y a n v aq t va fa zo j i h a t d a n m u v ofiqlashtirila di, y a ’ni u l a r n i q a c h o n , q a y e rd a , q a n d a y s h a r o itd a kechganligi esga tu s h i r ila d i. Bu m a h s u lla rn in g n atijasida u lar t u r m u s h n i n g m u a y y a n davri bilan b o g l a n a d i , u la rn in g davriy kechishi i n s o n l a r t o m o n i d a n a n g la b yctiladi. H a r b i r i n s o n n i n g s h ax siy t u r m u s h tarixi u y a s h a - y o t g a n j a m i y a t n i n g ijtim oiy voqeliklari bilan c h a m b a r c h a s b o g ‘liq. B o rliqning, ijtim oiy h a y o tn in g hodisalari, holatlari, v o q e l i k l a r i , o b y e k t i v h a m d a s u b y e k t i v x u s u s i y a t l a r i , k e c h i n m a l a r i , sh ax sn in g m u a y y a n esdaliklari m a 'l u m vaqt ( d a v r , m u d d a t ) b i l a n c h e k l a n g a n l i k va q u r s h a b o l i n - g a n l i k n i n g t a y a n c h negizi sifatida xizm at qiladi. J u m l a d a n , i n s o n b i r o r narsa, s a n a va voqelikni cslaganida, u m a z k u r h o d is a m ustaqillik b ayram i arafasida, y a ’ni XX a sm in g oxirgi o ‘n yillig id a s o d i r e t i lg a n l ig in i t a ’kidlaydi. S h u n i n g d e k , xotiro t (esdalik) m u r a k k a b aqliy faoliyat, j a r a y o n b i la n a lo q a d a b o 'lib , esga tush irish v o q e liklarni, u l a r n i n g k e tm a - k e t li g i n i , o ‘za ro sababiy bogMiqligini a n g - lash ( t u s h u n i s h ) n i n g za ru ra ti h isoblanadi. S h u n in g u c h u n i n s o n e sd a lik (x o tirot)larining m a z m u n i , m ohiyati, m a ’nosi o ‘z g a r m a y qolishi aslo m u m k i n em as . C h u n k i, xotiro t qotib q o l g a n k o g n itiv ta rk ib e m a s , balki d i n a m i k xususiyatli x o t i r a j a r a y o n i d i r . S h a x s y o ‘n a!is h i e v o l u t s i o n ( t a b i i y r a v i s h d a , a s t a - s e k i n o kz g a rib b o r u v c h a n l i k ) t a m o y i l g a a s o sla n g a n lig i tufayli u q a y t a fïkr yuritishga, m a ’n o n i fikran q a y t a q u r is h g a moyil. S h a x s n in g xotiroti (esdaliklari) u n i n g shaxsiy h a y o ti, s a r g u z a s h tla r i bilan alo q ad o rlig i sababli u d o im o u la r bilan b i r q a t o r d a r a n g - b a r a n g e m o t s i o n a l h o la tla r, m u r a k k a b ic h k i k e c h i n m a l a r h a m o h a n g l ig i d a kechadi. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi Unutish va esda saqlash U n u t i s h x o t i r a j a r a y o n i sifatida t a 'r i f g a c g a b o klib, o 'z in in g vujudga kelish xususiyatiga b o g lliq h o ld a o lta c h u q u r va y uzaki k o 'r in is h la rg a ega. S h u bois, u n u t i l g a n o b r a z - l a r n in g y oki f i k r l a r n i n g fa o lla sh u v i u y o k i b u d a r a j a d a q i y i n c h i l i k l a r g a u c h r a s h i , h a t t o a m a l g a o s h m a y d i g a n voqclik k a aylanishi m u m k in . S haxsning fa o liy a tid a x o tira d a t o ‘p l a n g a n m a t e r ia ll a r ( t u r l i c h a b o 'l i s h i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r ) a m a li y o t d a k a m r o q q o 'l l a n il s a (fo ydalanilsa), o r t i q c h a y u k xususiyatini kasb etsa u n u t i s h t o b o r a c h u q u r l a s h i b b o ra d i. B u n in g n atijasida u n i n g faol h ay o tiy m a q s a d g a c ris h is h y o l i d a g i a h a m iy a ti pasayadi. A n i m o b i r o r - b i r m a t e r ia ln i eslash c h o g ‘ida q iy in c h ilik , s u n ’iy t o ‘siq y iiz a g a kelsa, uni m u t la q o y o 'q q a c h iq a r ish k erak em as , c h u n k i b u h o d is a u n i b a t a m o m shaxs x o tirasid an ch iq ib kctishini b ild ir m a y d i. O d a t d a m a te r ia lla r (o b y e k tla r, s u b y e k tla r) n in g a n i q , y a q - q o l , m a v j u d t o m o n l a r i n i n g s h a k li u n u t i l a d i , b u n d a n ta s h q a r i, u n i n g h u k m surishi, b a r q a r o r a h a m i y a t l i m a z - m u n i e s a u n g a o ‘x s h a sh ( m u t a n o s i b ) b i l i m l a r v a x u lq - a t v o r h a ra k a tla rin in g shakliy birliklari bilan q o lsh ilib ketadi. O q ib a t n atijad a x u l q - a t v o r n i n g m a z k u r s h a k l l a r i d a t a a s - s u ro tla r integral ( u m u m l a s h m a , yig‘iq) t a r z d a e s g a tu s h ish i m u m k i n . l.P .P a v l o v n i n g t a 'k i d l a s h i c h a , s o 'n i b b o r a y o tg a n reflekslar o ‘zlarini tiklashi u c h u n d astlabki p a y d o b o 'l i s h d avriga q a r a g a n d a ta k ro r la s h m iq d o rin i k a m r o q t a l a b e tadi. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, s o ‘n ib b o r a y o tg a n re fle k s la r m u a y y a n sh a r o it yoki v aziyatga to r m o z l a n is h , t o ‘x ta lis h g a u c h r a s h i m u m k i n . Bu v o qelik a l la q a c h o n u n u t i lg a n , d e b t a s a w u r q ilin g a n ta a s s u r o tla rn in g fa v q u lo d d a a y r im o m i l l a r n i esga tu sh irish holati bilan izo h lan a d i. M asa la n , o g lir b e t o b b o ‘lib y o t g a n o d a m q a c h o n l a r d i r o ‘rg a n g a n s h e ’rini t a s o d if a n y o d d a n a y ta d i, v a h o l a n k i , u n d a n u z o q y i l l a r d a v o m i d a fo y d a la n m a g a n i u c h u n u u n i b a t a m o m u n u t g a n , d e b o ly- lashi m u m k in . X otira j a r a y o n i h iso b la n m is h u n u t i s h — b u o ‘ziga xos, ra n g -b a ra n g , i z o h ta l a b ru h iy k o g n itiv h o d i s a d i r . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi S h a x s faoliyatiga singib k etg a n m a 'l u m o t l a r (obyektlar, s u b y e k t l a r ) u n in g u c h u n m u a y y a n a h a m iy a t kasb etganligi tufayli b u l a r m u t l a q o u n u t i b y u b o r i lm a y d i. Inson faoliyatiga s in g ib k e tg a n m a te r ia lla r u n in g ehtiyojlari bilan bevosita a l o q a g a kirishganligi sababli, u l a r u n u tish bilan ku ra sh ish j a r a y o n i n i n g is h onchli vositasi h isoblanadi. B uning y o rq in ifodasi, e s d a s a q la s h n in g m u h i m o m ili yoki usuli — bu t a k r o r l a s h aqliy harakatidir. S a lb iy in duksiya hodisasi h a ra k a ti bilan uy g ‘u n la s h u v b e q a r o r , sh u n in g d c k , m u v a q q a t (v a q tin c h a ) u n u tis h j a r a - y o n i n i keltirib c h iq arad i. O l i y t a 'l i m j a r a y o n i d a o 'z la s h tir i s h d a n o ta n is h , b e g o n a ( y o t ) q o ‘z g ‘a t u v c h i l a r y a n g i m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a ) bo g M an ish larn in g vujudga kelishiga t o ‘sqinlik qiladi, b u n in g o q i b a t i d a e sd a olib q o lish n in g sam aradorligi (m ahsuldorligi) p a s a y a d i . O l d i n g i ( o ‘t m i s h d a g i ) b a r q a r o r l a s h g a n b o g 'l a n i s h l a r (a lo q a la r)n in g izlarini y o 'q o tis h g a y o ‘n algan t o ‘s i q l a r s o ‘zsiz u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i n i k e ltirib c h i q a r a d i . M o d o m i k i , s h u n d a y e k a n , u n u t i s h n e rv f a o li y a t i n i n g p r o a k t i v v a r e tr o a k t iv t o r m o z l a n i s h i ( t o 'x t a l i s h i ) b i l a n a l o q a d a b o l i s h i g a s h u b h a y o ‘q. M a i u m o t l a r g a q a r a g a n d a , o ld in g i yoki keyingi faoliyat hozirgi faoliyatning m a z m u n i g a o ' x s h a s h y o k i u n d a n m u r a k k a b r o q b o ‘l s a , a l b a t t a t o r m o z l a n i s h (to 'x ta lis h ) h olati vujudga keladi. Y u q o r id a g i psixologik va fizilogtk om illarga a s o sla n g a n h o l d a s h u n d a y xulosaga kelish m u m k in : b irin c h id a n , bir m a v z u d a n b o s h q a b ir m avzuga o ‘tish c h o g l d a b iro z t o lxta- lish q i l i s h tu fa y li a s a b iy t a r a n g l a s h u v , j i d d i y l i k , a q liy z o ' r i q i s h k a m a y a d i; i k k i n c h i d a n , a u d i t o r i y a d a n ta sh q a r i m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a m u staq il bilim o lish d a tu r d o s h , j i n s d o s h , o 'x s h a s h fa n la r y u z a s id a n e m a s , balki o ‘z a ro bir-b iri bilan kcskin tafovu tlan u v c h i sohalar b o ‘yicha tayyorgarlik ishlarini y o ‘Iga q o ‘yish d ark o r. M a M u m o tla rg a q a r a g a n d a , p ro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r m o z l a n i s h b i r fa o liy a t d o i r a s i d a , c h u n o n c h i , m u a y y a n o ‘q u v m a te r ia lin i o 'r g a n i s h (ta n is h is h ), texnik c h i z m a l a r u s t i d a is h la sh , lo y ih a la rn i tahlil qilish kabi j a r a y o n l a r d a 256 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi h a m y u z a g a k e lis h i m u m k i n . M a ’l u m k i , m a t e r i a l n i n g o krtasini e s d a o lib q olish u n in g b o s h i y o k i oxirin i o ‘z- l a s h t ir i s h d a n q i y i n r o q , m u r a k k a b r o q k e c h a d i . M a te r ia l h a jm in in g k o 'p lig i, kattaligi, s h u n i n g d e k , u n i n g o ‘rtasini e sda olib q o lish g a pro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r m o z l a n i s h salbiy t a ’sir k o ‘rsatadi. X u d d i s h u bois, m a t e r ia l o ‘rtasini esda olib qolish u c h u n u n i bir n e c h a m a r t a t a k r o r la s h g a t o ‘g “ri keladi. S h u n i n g u c h u n bir tekis, a s t a - s e k i n s u r ’atg a am al yoki rioya qilish y u q o ri s a m a r a b e ra d i; d i q q a t n i m avzuga yoki faoliyat o b y e k tig a p u x ta t o ‘p la sh ( m a r k a z la s h tiris h , k o n se n tra tsiy a ), irodaviy aktn i u n g a y o ‘n a !tirish natijasida q o ‘zg 'o v c h ila r, t u r t k i la r m iy a d a m u s t a h k a m l a n a d i . M u v a q q a t , v a q t i n c h a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i m i y a p o ‘sti hu jay ra larin in g z o ‘riqishi, ta ra n g la s h u v i o q i b a t i d a h a m d a t a s h q i , i k k i n c h i d a r a ja li t o r m o z l a n i s h t a ’s i r i d a v u ju d g a kelishi kuzatiladi. Bu voqelik t a n a a ’z o la r i , asab faoliyati tizimi to liq q a n h o la tid a esda olib q o lis h n in g keskin pasayishi b ila n i z o h l a n a d i. A s a b tizim i, h u j a y r a l a r n i n g m e 'y o r id a ishlashining tik la n ish i orqali u n u tilg a n n a r s a l a r , su b y ek tlar t o ‘g krisidagi m a ’lu m o tl a r a sta - se k in e s g a t u s h a boshlaydi. Salbiy in d u k s iy a va tashqi t o r m o z l a n i s h orq a li kelib c h iq a d ig a n v aq t o ‘tishi h a m d a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i re m in is- sensiya h odisasi b ila n aloqaga ega. E s d a o lib q o lish n in g dastlabki d a q iq a la rig a q a ra g a n d a , m u a y y a n v a q t o ‘t g a n d a n keyin esga tu sh irish t o ‘iaroq aks e t a r e k a n . K a tt a hajm dagi m ateria lla rn i e s d a olib qolish p a y tid a h a m s h u n g a o ‘xshash ru h iy ho d isa v u ju d g a keladi. T a j r i b a la r n i n g k o ‘rsatishicha, r e m i n i s s e n s i y a h o d i s a s i v o y a g a y e t g a n l a r g a q a r a g a n d a , b o la la rd a k o ‘p ro q u ch ray d i. K is h in in g k eksa yishi davrida sal-pal eslash, esga tushirish y a n a d a k u c h a y a d i . In s o n n in g b a r c h a faoliyati t u rla rid a ( t a ’lim , m e h n a t ) , m u o m a l a s id a , x u lq -a tv o rin i h a m hisobga olish jo iz. M a ’l u m o t l a r (m a te ria lla r)n i esga t u s h i r i s h d a g i qiyin- ch ilik la r u la rn i eslash u c h u n o ‘ta k u c h li x o h i s h n i n g yuzaga k e l i s h i t u f a y l i n a m o y o n b o ‘l a d i h a m d a f a v q u l o d d a t o rm o z la n ish n i c h a q ira d i. V aqt o ‘tishi b i l a n in so n n ig bosh q a n ars alar ( o b y e k tla r, su byektlar) b il a n c h a l g ‘ishi t o r m o z - 17 Psixologiya 257 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi lan ish n i p a s a y ti r a d i, n atijada n i m a n i eslash z a ru r b o l s a , u d a r ro v e s g a tu sh ad i. S h u b o i s , esga tushirish i m k o n iy a tin i n g y o ‘qligi, h a t t o bu b o r a d a t a n i s h ja ra y o n i h a m o ‘z xususiyatlari bilan t o ‘la u n u t i s h n i n g k o krsatkichi b o ‘lib h iso b lan m ay d i. Eng asosiysi, oliy t a ’lim t i z i m i d a m u v a q q a t ( v a q ti n c h a ) u n u tish bilan s a l-p a l h a m d a u z o q m u d d a tli u n u t i s h tu rlarin i farqlash jo iz , c h u n k i , u n i n g oxirgisi t a k ro r la s h y o r d a m i bilan b a r - t a r a f q i l i n i s h i m u m k i n . B a ’zi h o l l a r d a t a l a b a b i l im i n i b a h o l a s h k e z id a g i a n g la sh ilm o v c h ilik n in g vujudga kelishi m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a ) u n u t i s h s h a r o i t i va x u s u s iy a tin i hisobga o l m a y , u z o q m u d d atli u n u t i s h sifatida q a r o r q abul q ilis h n in g o q i b a tid ir . M u v a q q a t a s a b t i z i m i a l o q a l a r i n i n g u z o q m u d d a t s a q l a n i s h i u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i k , b a r q a r o r l i k d a r a ja s i u c h u n m u h i m a h a m i y a t kasb e ta d i. M u v a q q a t a lo q a la r k a m r o q m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n bo'lsa, pu x talik y etishm asa, u lar te z d a s o kn a d i v a a k sin ch a . S h u n in g u c h u n , h a r q a n d a y m aterialni a w a l b o s h d a n puxta o kzgartirib olish lozim. Agarda m a te r ia l p u x t a m u s ta h k a m l a n s a , s h u n c h a u z o q r o q esda s a q l a n a d i v a k a m r o q u n u tila d i. S h u n i t a ’kidlash jo iz k i, e g a l l a n a y o t g a n m a t e r i a l g a n i s b a t a n s h a x s d a m o y i ll i k , q i z iq i s h , m o t i v a t s i y a m av ju d b o ‘lsa, u n i u z o q r o q e s d a sa q lash g a z a m i n hozirlanadi. U n u t i s h j a r a y o n i vaqt bilan o ‘lc h a n a d i va m u a y y a n s u r ’a t t a q o z o s i b i l a n r o ky o b g a c h i q a d i . E b b i n g a u z n i n g k o kr s a ti s h i c h a , m a te r ia ln i o 'z la s h ti r i s h n i n g dastlabki d a - q iq a l a r id a u n u t i s h ja d a l kechadi, m u a y y a n vaqt o kt g a n d a n keyin e sa u n i n g s u r 'a t i pasayadi. U n u t i s h m a t e r i a l n i n g m a z m u n i g a , y a n g ilig ig a , t u - s h u n i s h n i n g o g ki r y oki y en g illig ig a , kasb iy va i jtim o iy a h a m i y a t k a s b etish ig a b o g ‘liq. S h u s a b a b d a n , shaxs t o m o - n id a n a n g l a n i l g a n m aterial a s ta - s e k in , past s u r 'a t d a u n u tiladi. S h u n g a q a r a m a s d a n , n i s b a t a n i n s o n t o m o n i d a n a n g l a n i l g a n m a t e r i a l d astlab t e z s u r ’a t l a r bilan u n u t i l a b o s h la y d i, k e y i n c h a lik esa u n in g k ec h ish i b iro z pasayadi. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi M a s h q q i l i s h , t a k r o r la s h , t u r g ‘u n , b a r q a r o r q i z iq i s h n i s h a k l l a n t i r i s h m u m k i n q a d a r u n u t i s h s u r 'a t i n i p a s a y ti - radi. E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r t - s h a r o i t l a r i x o t i r a o 't k i r l i g i , m ahsuldorligi, sam aradorligi u c h u n m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a ega. U n u ti s h v a q t ( z a m o n ) fu n k siy a sig in a b o ‘lib q o l m a s d a n , balki u n d a e s d a olib qolish, esga tu s h ir i s h singari t a n la s h (saralash) xususiyati mavjud. 0 ‘z m o h i y a t i bilan sh a x sn in g e h tiy o jla rig a , q iziq is h la rig a , fa o liy a t m a q s a d i g a b o g ‘liq, m u t a n o s i b , m u h i m a h a m iy a tl i m a t e r i a l s e k in s u r ’a t d a u n u tila d i. I n s o n u c h u n hayotiy, ijtim o iy , kasbiy a h a m iy a tli b ir q a t o r v o q elik lar, m ateria lla r, m a ’l u m o t l a r aslo u n u t i l - maydi. O d a td a shaxsning faoliyatda ishtirok etish darajasiga q arab m a te r ia ln in g e s d a saqlanishi a n iq l a n a d i. Ilm iy ta d q iq o tla rd a u n u tish 0 ‘z la shtirilgan m a te r ia ln in g h a j m i g a b o g l i q e k a n - ligi t a 'k i d l a n a d i. M u ay y a n v aq t o ' t g a n d a n keyin 0 ‘zla sh ti- rilgan, o ‘r g a n il g a n m a t e r ia ln i e s d a s a q l a s h foizi u n i n g h a jm ig a t e s k a r i p r o p o r sio n a l m u n o s a b a t d a b o ‘lishi t a s - diqlangan. A g a rd a b i r xil sh aroitda ( v a z iy a td a ) berilg a n m a te r ia lla r h a m sifat, h a m m i q d o r ji h a td a n o ‘x s h a s h b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a esda olib q o lish ja ra y o n id a u la r n i h is o b g a olish o 'z l a s h t i - rish s a m a r a d o rlig in i oshiradi. M a s a l a n , s u h a n d o n (d ik to r) b i r bet s t a n d a r t m a t n n i o ‘q ish u c h u n ikki d a q i q a v a q t sarflasa, x u d d i s h u h a jm d a g i m a t e r i a l n i o ‘q is h , u q i s h , tu s h u n i s h , a n g l a b yetisli u c h u n t a l a b a u c h - t o ‘rt b a r a v a r vaqt ajratadi. B u n d a shaxsning individual xususiyatlari, xotira t i p l a r i , u q u v c h a n l i k qobiliy a ti, n o y o b xislatini h i so b g a olish joiz. Esda saq lash ja ra y o n id a m a t e r i a l n i n g hajm i b irla m c h i em a s , balki lin in g sifati u stu v o r a h a m i y a t kasb etadi. E s d a s a q l a s h d a y a x litlik , a l o h i d a l i k m u h i m o ‘ri n eg a lla y d i, c h u n k i m a z k u r j a r a y o n d a m a t n ( m a v z u ) d a g i asosiy h o la tla r , q o n u n iy a tla r, n a z a r i y a l a r , qiyosiy tah lilla r, y o rq in ifo d ala r, jo n li nutq m a h s u l l a r i o ‘z izini q o ld ira d i. Esda s a q l a s h d a keyingi o ‘rin b a ’zi b i r fikriy birliklarga, www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi h a tt o m a t n m a z m u n i g a u n d a n h a m k u ch li e ' t i b o r beriladi. E sd a s a q l a s h n i n g m u h i m x u s u s i y a t l a r i d a n biri — bu m ateria ln i u m u m l a s h g a n darajasi b ila n b e v o sita b o g 'liq - ligidir. J a m i u m u m i y l i k d a n m a z m u n i y - n a z a r i y y o 'n a lis h g a va u n d a n y a k k a a lo h id a lik k a fikran o ‘tish e s d a saqlashning o q ilo n a aqliy v o sitas i b o ‘lib hisoblanadi. U m u m l a s h m a l a r n i u m u m la s h tiris h , m a v h u m h o la t- larni m a v h u m l a s h t i r i s h n i n g fikriy h a ra k a tla rig a asoslangan m a t e r ia ll a r e s d a s a q l a s h n i n g e n g q u l a y s h a r t- s h a r o it l a r i boMib h i s o b l a n a d i . E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r o i t l a r i g a : a) m a 'l u m o t la r n i n g a m a liy o tg a tatbiq etiluvchanligi; b) oqilona a q l i y u s u l l a r y o r d a m i b ila n o l d i n g i b i l i m l a r n i n g o ‘z - lashtirilganligi; d ) u l a r n i n g vaqti-v a q ti b ila n c h u q u r la s h - tirib borilishi; e ) m ateria lla rn i ey d e tik o b ra z la r, t a s a w u r l a r bilan b o y itish k a b i l a r kiradi. Tekshirish uchun savolfar 1. Xotiraga ta ’rif bera olasizmi? 2. Borliqni bilishda xotiraning o ‘mi qanday ekan? 3. Xotira qanday jarayonlardan tuzilgan? 4. Xotiraning turlari yuzasidan nimalar deya olasiz? 5. Xotiraning individual farqlarini aytib bering. 6. Inson xotirasini o'rganish mum kinmi? www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi |
