The optimal capital structure of the company is best decided by the management and the board, subject to
the approval of the shareholders. Some companies issue preferred (or preference) shares which have a
preference in respect of receipt of the profits of the company but which normally have limited or no voting
rights. Companies may also issue participation certificates or shares with limited or no voting rights, which
would presumably trade at different prices than shares with full voting rights. All of these structures may be
effective in distributing risk and reward in ways that are thought to be in the best interests of the company
and to cost-efficient financing.
Within any series of a class, all shares should carry the same rights. Investors can expect to be informed
regarding their voting rights before they invest. Once they have invested, their rights should
not be changed
unless those holding voting shares have had the opportunity to participate in the decision.
Proposals to
change the voting rights of different series and classes of shares should be submitted for approval at general
shareholder meetings by a specified (normally higher) majority of voting shares in the affected categories.
II.F.
Related party transactions should be approved and conducted in a manner that ensures
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