Of the Republic o f Uzbekistan State University of World Languages scale up

Read the descriptions a-к and decide which 
sentence in Ex. 5 they match.
_____ an action which is happening at the present
&
h
moment.
_____a finished past action which occurs at a
specific moment in the past.
_____ talking about an action that is finished
before another action in the past. This form is 
especially useful for giving reasons for a decision 
that was made in the past.
_____regular routines and habits.
_____making a future prediction or express a
decision about the future made at the moment.
_____something that is happening at a precise
moment in the past; an interrupted action.
_____something which has happened up to the
present moment.
_____the duration of an activity that begins in the
past and continues up to the present moment.
_____ discussing an activity that will be in
progress at a specific point in future.
_____expressing the duration of an activity up to
another point in the past; stressing that a certain 
activity had been going on before something 
important happened.
_____speaking about future intentions or plans
made before the present moment.
The word ‘News’ is actually an 
acronym standing for the four 
cardinal compass points - North, 
East, West, and South!
Scale Up 
11

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A lingua franca (LF) is a working language 
used by different populations to communicate 
when they do not share a common language. 
It is also called a bridge language, venicular 
language or unifying language. Generally, a 
lingua franca is a third language that is distinct 
from the native language of both parties involved 
in the communication, sometimes for commercial 
reasons («trade languages»), but also for diplomatic 
and administrative convenience, and as a means 
of exchanging information between scientists and 
other scholars of different nationalities.
The use of LF may be almost as old as language 
itself. Certainly, they have existed since antiquity. 
The term originates with one such language, 
Mediterranean LF. Latin and Greek were the LF of 
the Roman Empire.
Arabic was another early LF to develop because 
of the sheer size of the Islamic Empire dating back 
to the 7th Century. Arabic also served as the LF 
of science and diplomacy in the 1200’s because 
at that time, more books were written in Arabic 
than in any other language. Still in some European 
languages (including Georgian), there are some
Look at the photos and answer the foitowing 
questions,
1. What do you think these people are doing?
2. What nationality or race do they belong to?
3. How do you think they understand each other?
8 Read the text. Match the definitions 1-6 and 
the highlighted words and expressions in the 
text.
1. the medium, method, or tool used to obtain a result 
or achieve an en d ____________________
2. to come or bring into being__________________
3. very steep________________________________
4. before, until_______________________________
5. time in the past when something or someone was 
popular or common
6. easy to see or understand; evident
? More people in China speak English than in the 
United States.
9 Read the article again. Which of the following 
bits of information is not given (NG) in the text?
1. Lingua Franca is a single language for traders 
from all around the world.___
2. A greater amount of books in XIII century were 
written in the Arabic language.___
3. Before Malay, people used Arabic in Southern 
A s ia .__
4. Isaac Newton’s book was published after his 
death.___
5. Still, there are some lingua francas in different 
places.___
6. Nowadays, all the pilots communicate in their 
own lingua franca.___