Olympic Education in France: a legacy Issue or the Promotion of a Model in Crisis?
Keywords: values; Olympism; education; devices; legacy 1. Introduction
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socsci-11-00062
Keywords:
values; Olympism; education; devices; legacy 1. Introduction Behind the reinstatement of the Olympic Games by Baron Pierre de Coubertin at the end of the 19th century lay the conviction that sport embodied values conducive to building a new social model around universalism, hierarchy and surpassment. In 1908, de Coubertin defined the Olympic idea as “[ . . . ] the concept of a strong muscular culture based, on the one hand, on the chivalrous spirit, what you call here [in Great Britain] fair play and, on the other hand, on the aesthetic idea, the cult of beauty and grace” ( Coubertin 1908 ). The essential principles of Olympism, with a bedrock of regularly adjusted values ( Schantz 2013 ), nonetheless require relays. Whether media-based, institutional or political, they must enable the diffusion of an ideal that should then be enacted. This is particularly the case for education, which constitutes one of the essential foundations of Olympism and which has become a fundamental component of the Olympic ideal ( Naul et al. 2018 ). Pierre de Coubertin considered that Olympism merged with education by assimilating it to “universal sport education, accessible to all, lined with strong bravery and chivalrous spirit, blended with aesthetic and literary manifestation, serving as a driving force for national life and home for civic life” ( Coubertin 1908 ). In being sustained by a pedagogical ambition, Olympism is conceived as an education model that is both ambitious and emblematic. Going beyond the mere proceedings of sports events, it presumes effects over individuals and corresponds to a political project ( Piggin 2019 ). Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020062 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 62 2 of 15 1.1. Olympic Education and Legacy Looking at the transmission processes contributes to understanding the legacy of an event ( Ramshaw 2015 ), which is often evoked to give meaning ( Adams and Robinson 2019 ), but is unevenly documented when it relates to social or cultural fields. While almost continuous exposure to a flow of media during the time of the event participates in this transmission, its brevity and the population’s low participation in Olympiads lead the effects to be debated. For this reason, promoters of Olympism seek to extend diffusion geographically, socially and temporally, in particular through the rollout of “Olympic education”, which has become an unavoidable political and commercial stake ( Kohe and Collison 2019 ). This explains why heritage refers to a variety of terminology and mobilises a multiplicity of fields ( Viersac and Attali 2021 ). The existence of the concept in itself indicates that Olympism and the values associated with it are not diffused spontaneously ( Kidd 2013 ). The Olympiads’ influence is not sufficient, and it is important to organise this diffusion ( Attali 2019 ). This corresponds to a large-scale political endeavour intended, more especially, to use educational and sporting institutions to spread the Olympic values and make them a pedagogical tool. In this respect, schools and universities are targeted, as are the institutions placed under the social responsibility of an organisation, such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ( Bayle 2016 ). Moreover, the National Olympic Academies (NOA) were already given the mission by the IOC of ensuring this diffusion in 1968. The question of the possible redundancy of Olympic education alongside the teaching of Physical Education (PE) in schools can be raised, as their objectives may be convergent and also limited to mere promotion for the stakeholders ( Kohe and Collison 2019 ). The school and the NOA mention the same notions of physical and cultural development of citizenship and emancipation, without, however, being based on the same ideologies. In this regard, the meaning that the actors concerned give to this Olympic education constitutes an important indicator for understanding their positions. While the IOC and successive Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOG) have aimed to implement it in numerous countries, according to what concepts do they envisage it? Furthermore, what do schools and their teachers, as suggested, really do with it? The study of Olympic legacy ( Gammon et al. 2013 ) through school sport education implies analysing the positions and projects of both the promoters of Olympism and the players likely to relay them. While some works have studied the role of sports events from the perspective of developing human capital ( Lee et al. 2013 ), none of them have studied the educational enterprise generated by Olympism. Our study is thus unprecedented on this subject, although a key one in the promotion of Olympism, as well as on the legacy strategies developed since the 1990s ( Kissoudi 2008 ). The literature underlines the fact that Olympism is a system of thought resembling an ideology ( Krieger and Kristiansen 2016 ), which consists of promoting the educational role of sport. In this respect, Olympism constitutes a tool to serve mass socialisation whose underpinnings should be analysed. Beyond the quadriennal event capturing all attention, Olympism is therefore, above all, a modern mythology ( Schantz 2016 ) drawing on symbolic elements intended to convince people of the educational relevance of sport as a foundation of its expression and legitimacy. Having never been really defined, the mere use of the term leads to representations and draws on an imaginary imposing education through sport as a given. 1.2. Stakeholders in the Olympic Movement and Research Challenges By combining history and sociology, this work aims to shed light on the use of Olympic education at school as an element of a policy strategy designed to establish, sustain, and then preserve the Olympic model and its associated representations. The political dimension of Olympic education is obvious; the State is particularly invested with several advisors to the President of the Republic dedicated to the subject, the appointment of an inter-ministerial delegate for the Olympic and Paralympic Games reporting to the Prime Minister’s office, and that of a ministerial delegate for the ministers of the Education Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 62 3 of 15 nationale and higher education, more particularly responsible for developing a dispositif likely to interest the young. Olympic education is considered a dispositif, as defined by Foucault, in other words, “a resolutely heterogeneous ensemble of discourses, institutions, architectural forms, regulatory decisions, laws, administrative measures, scientific statements, philosophical, moral, and philanthropic propositions, in short: the said as much as the unsaid” ( Foucault 2001 , p. 299). The interplay of multiple discursive elements should enable us to reconstruct this heterogeneous ensemble on which the dispositif of Olympic education is based. Yet, the aim is also to see “the link that may exist between these elements” (Foucault ibid.). We hypothesise that it lies in the strategic role of Olympic education. While the historical approach tends to show that use of the Olympic model in the education system has had a promotional as well as socialisation purpose regarding the lack of direction of the young, we put forward the hypothesis that Olympic education aims also to combat the crisis of the Olympic model itself. With its supposed values no longer resonating with individuals’ environmental, social and health concerns ( Chappelet 2012 ), Olympic education is observed as the way to create a new legitimacy for the Olympic model among the young generations. To understand what has become of this political intention, it is necessary to look at what teachers as relays in schools do with it. Beyond the aims and strategies of the Olympic establishment, Olympic education inevitably passes through the decisive filter of teachers and their pedagogical practices. It is therefore a question of not only understanding for what reasons the actors of Olympism have chosen school to relay this Olympic education, but also analysing how it is used by the teachers. Do they take the language and rhetoric conveying the Olympic imaginary on board? Are they themselves socialised in sporting terms by this model before relaying it to their pupils? Or, on the contrary, do they make a distinction between Olympic education and Physical Education (PE)? What educational impact do they give to Olympism in PE? Finally, do they operate as conveyors of the Olympic model or do they subject it to pedagogical analysis, to the point of introducing pupils to a critical distancing approach. These questions merit being tested through a case study at national level. In this respect, France constitutes an opportune field of study, as its Organising Committee intends to involve the whole of the country in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. We have already underlined the role of political actors in the Olympic Movement. Although the Movement was initially organised by the private sector, it was taken over by the public sphere because of the stakes involved. It was then that the National Olympic Committee, representing federations, faced competition from the newly created Ministry of Sport, and that schools were involved in promoting the Movement. The implementation of several educational projects attests to the particular situation of the country and its long-standing and complex relationship with Olympism. The latter explains why school sport moved away from the sports movement to build an education-based more on educational objectives than sporting stakes ( Gomet and Attali 2018 ). The fact is that PE teachers have been influenced by the Olympic practice model and are regularly called upon to transmit its values. This situation has led us to propose several scales of analysis to understand the diversity of Olympic-related educational projects from a synchronic and diachronic perspective, as well as an institutional and professional point of view. Download 313.53 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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