On phenomena in ionized gases
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- Figure 1.
- 4. References
- Comparative cross-correlation spectroscopy study of positive and negative polarity transient spark discharge in ambient air
- 3. References [1] M. Janda, V. Martišovitš, Z. Machala, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20
- Flow characterization of the electro-thermal plume induced by nanosecond repetitively pulsed microplasmas
- Stark broadening of multiple Ar I lines as a diagnostics tool for transient welding arcs containing metal vapor
In te n s ity (a .u .) Wavelength (nm)
Photoluminescence of GQDs in aqueous solution Figure 1. Photoluminescence of GQDs in aqueous solution, upon irradiation with a LED ( = 410 nm).
The GQDs were obtained in a suspension after the chemical treatment of the graphene sheets in acid environment under mild sonication for 15 – 20 h, followed by neutralization. The solution was then irradiated with UV light from a commercial blue LED. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements were performed with a Czerny-Turner spectrometer coupled to a photomultiplier for wavelengths between 300 – 700 nm. The photoluminescence of GQDs, although weak compared to the main peak of the LED at 410 nm, is evidenced by the rise of a broad peak centered at 510 nm (figure 1). Posterior SEM and Raman analysis confirmed the presence of GQDs in the obtained suspension. The observed photoluminescence is clearly originated by the GQDs in the solution, since no similar effect was observed upon irradiation of the LED on reference solutions containing graphene sheets as synthesized, i.e. without chemical treatment. 3. Final remarks GQDs in an aqueous solution, obtained after the chemical treatment of plasma produced free standing graphene sheets,
exhibited clear
photoluminescence upon irradiation with a LED ( = 410 nm). The effect is evidenced by the rise of a broad peak centered at 510 nm.
[1] M. Bacon, S. J. Bradley, and T. Nann. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 31.4 (2014) 415- 428. [2] Zhu, Shoujun, et al. Nano Research 8.2 (2015) 355-381. [3] E. Tatarova, et al., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47.38 (2014) 385501. [4] E. Tatarova, N. Bundaleska, J. Ph. Sarrette, and C. M. Ferreira, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 (2014) 063002.
This work was funded by the Portuguese FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under project UID/FIS/50010/2013 and grant number SFRH/BD/52412/2013 (PD-F APPLAuSE). 17
73 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Comparative cross-correlation spectroscopy study of positive and negative polarity transient spark discharge in ambient air
M. Janda 1 , A. Sarani 2 , T. Hoder 3 , T. Gerling 2 , R. Brandenburg 2 , Z. Machala 1
P 1 P
P
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INP Greifswald e.V., Greifswald, Germany P
P
A streamer-to-spark transition in a self-pulsing transient spark (TS) discharge of positive and negative polarity in air was investigated using cross-correlation spectroscopy. The temporal evolution of the TS was recorded for several spectral bands and lines. The results enable the visualization of the different phases of discharge development. In positive polarity, we observed the primary and the secondary streamer, both propagating from the needle anode towards the plane cathode. In the negative polarity, the primary streamer propagating from the needle cathode was followed by the backward propagating streamer. The transition to the spark was not recorded due to relatively long (0.3-1.5 µs) and irregular streamer-to-spark transition phase.
Introduction
The transient spark (TS) is a dc-operated, self- pulsing filamentary discharge [1]. We optically explore the evolution of TS in ambient air in needle- to-plane geometry at mean pulse repetition rate ~2- 3 kHz. Negative and positive needle polarity are compared. We used cross-correlation spectroscopy (CCS) that provides sufficient spatial and temporal resolution, high sensitivity, and is suitable for the investigation of randomly appearing discharges [2].
The temporal evolution of the TS was recorded for several spectral bands and lines: the second positive system SPS of N 2 (337.1 nm), the first negative system FNS of N 2 + (391.4 nm), and atomic oxygen (777.1 nm). In the positive polarity, primary and secondary streamers are observed, both propagating from the needle anode towards the planar cathode (Fig. 1). During the primary streamer, the emission of the SPS dominates, but weak emissions of the FNS and O* are also observed. During the secondary streamer, only SPS emission is obtained. During the streamer-to-spark transition, the emission comes from the atomic lines and the FNS, but no SPS emission was observed. In the negative polarity, the SPS emission propagating from the needle cathode towards the anode dominates during the initial discharge phase, similar as seen in Trichel pulses. When the SPS emission reaches the anode, the emissions of FNS and O* appear in the whole gap. In the SPS signal we observed another event moving towards the cathode (Fig. 2), assumed as backward propagating streamer.
Fig. 1: CCS record of the TS evolution, positive polarity. Fig. 2: CCS record of the TS evolution, negative polarity.
[1] M. Janda, V. Martišovitš, Z. Machala, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 (2011) 035015. [2] T. Hoder, M. Cernak, J. Paillol, D. Loffhagen, R. Brandenburg, Phys. Rev. E 86 (2012) 055401.
Research and Development Agency APVV-0134-12. 10
74 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
In-flight modification of metallic nanoparticles by low pressure RF plasma
O. Kylian, A. Kuzminova, J. Hanus, M. Vaydulych,
A. Choukourov, M.Cieslar, D. Slavinska, H. Biederman
1 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
Metallic nanoparticles were produced by means of a gas aggregation source based on DC planar magnetron with subsequent in-flight modification by auxiliary RF plasma operated either in Ar/O 2
or Ar/n-hexane working gas mixtures. It is shown that under appropriate conditions oxygen- containing auxiliary plasma is capable to oxidise metallic nanoparticles. In contrast, addition of an organic precursor resulted in the formation of a thin hydrocarbon plasma polymer shell around metallic nanoparticles and thus core@shell nanoparticles were successfully produced.
1. Introduction Vacuum-based techniques have been gradually developed and studied for production of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) over many years. In particular, methods that utilize gas aggregations cluster sources (GAS) and are based on magnetron sputtering received much attention in recent years. GAS has the advantage of producing NPs in its volume so they reach the substrate in the form of a beam of already formed entities. This is a highly valuable feature for fabrication of nanocomposites as it enables an independent control of both the NP deposition and the growth of a matrix. Furthermore, modification of NPs prior they reach the substrate is in high demand for many applications that range from solar or fuel cells to the biomedical field. The main aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of in-flight plasma modification of metallic NPs produced by GAS.
2. Experimental Metallic nanoparticles (Ti, Ag, Cu) were produced by means of a GAS based on a planar, water-cooled, 3-inch DC magnetron. Ar was used as a working gas whose pressure in the GAS aggregation chamber was set at 40 Pa. The magnetron current was chosen depending on the sputtering material in the range between 200 mA (Ag, Cu) to 400 mA (Ti). Leaving the GAS, the NPs entered a glass tube equipped with an external circular electrode which served for the excitation of auxiliary RF plasma as is schematically depicted in Figure 1. Applied RF power was up to 10 W. Oxygen or n-hexane were added to the gas phase of the glass tube for in-flight modification of the NPs. The GAS/glass tube assembly was attached to the main deposition chamber where substrates were placed to collect modified NPs. The pressure inside the main deposition chamber was kept below 1 Pa.
Figure 1. Experimental set-up 3. Results Measurements of chemical composition (XPS), morphology (SEM, TEM) and optical properties (UV-Vis spectrophotometry) of produced NPs have shown that auxiliary RF plasma caused substantial changes in their properties as compared to NPs that were produced without RF plasma. First, it was confirmed that presence of oxygen leads to rapid oxidation of produced NPs. In contrast, the use of n-hexane resulted in formation of few nm thick hydrocarbon plasma polymer shells around the metal NPs as confirmed by HRTEM. These results clearly showed the feasibility of this technique for in-flight modification of metallic NPs and opened the possibility to use such modified NPs as building blocks for fabrication of advanced functional coatings.
This work was supported by the grant GACR 13- 09853S from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. Topic number 75
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Topic number 5 Effect of runaway electron preionization on discharge breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure: simulation study Z. Bonaventura 1 , O. Chanrion 2 , A. Bourdon 3 , F. Pechereau 4 , F. Tholin 5 and T. Neubert 3 1 Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Electronics, Brno, Czech Republic. 2 Technical University of Denmark, National Space Institute (DTU Space), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. 3 LPP, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Sud, Observatoire de Paris, Universit´e Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universit´es, PSL Research University, 91128 Palaiseau, France 4 CERFACS, 42 Avenue Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France 5 ONERA, DMPH Department, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92322 Chˆatillon Cedex, France The runaway electron mechanism is of great importance for the understanding of the generation of X- and gamma rays in atmospheric discharges. Thermal runaway and the runaway electron avalanche discharge mechanisms are suggested to participate in the generation of Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes. Thanks to development of both power supplies and diagnostic techniques, a number of experiments have been performed to study the discharges obtained using high voltage pulses with subnanosecond rise fronts. These discharges are also characterized by the presence of X-rays and runaway electrons. We use a 2D axisymmetric beam-bulk hybrid model, to study discharge break- down appearing in a negative point-to-plane gap submitted to very high voltage pulse of 50 kV. 1. Introduction The runaway electron mechanism is of great im- portance for the understanding of the generation of x- and gamma rays in atmospheric discharges [1]. Run- away electrons play also an important role for break- down and discharge development in laboratory condi- tions [3, 2]. Both nanosecond discharges in an inho- mogeneous electric field and atmospheric discharges are characterized by the presence of X-rays and run- away electrons [4]. 2. Model and discussion Negative streamer is simulated in a point-to-plane electrode configuration using a 2D axisymmetric hy- brid beam-bulk approach [5]. Simulations are per- formed without pre-ionization or photoionization in order to emphasize the role of high-energy electrons. The discharge is initiated with a neutral gaussian plasma cloud composed of electrons and ions at rest in the vicinity of the pointed electrode. The results show the effect of high energy electrons on discharge development. While overtaking the discharge front, the high energy electrons pre-ionize the gas ahead and leave a trace of secondary seed electrons that in turn facilitate discharge propagation. As a result discharge with a support of fast electrons propagates signifi- cantly faster compared to discharge where the effect of fast electrons has not been considered, see figure 1. 3. Acknowledgements This collaborative effort was supported by the European Science Foundation through the Re- search Networking Program: Thunderstorm ef- fects on the atmosphere-ionosphere system (TEA- IS). This work has been done partially within the LABEX Plas@par project and has received finan- cial state aid managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche as part of the programme ”Investisse- ments d avenir” under the reference ANR-11-IDEX- 0004-02. ZB acknowledges support from the Czech Science Foundation research project 15-04023S. Figure 1: Negative streamer discharge onset close to the pointed electrode. Left: without runaways; Right: with runaways. 4. References [1] J.R. Dwyer et al., Space Sci. Rev. 173 (2012), 133–196. [2] E. Marode et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 064004. [3] P. Tardiveau, et al, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 (2009) 175202. [4] I. D. Kostyrya and V. F. Tarasenko, Plasma Physics Reports 41 3 (2015) 269–273. [5] O. Chanrion et al., Environ. Res. Lett. 9 (2014) 055003.
76 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Flow characterization of the electro-thermal plume induced by nanosecond repetitively pulsed microplasmas
T. Orriere, N. Benard, E. Moreau, D. Z. Pai Institut PPRIME (CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA). SP2MI – Teleport2 Bd Marie & Pierre Curie BP 30179, 86962 Futuroscope, France
The aim of this study is to describe the main characteristics of an electro-thermal plume produced by the interaction between a nanosecond repetitively pulsed microplasma generated between two tungsten electrodes and a DC biased metallic plate at a distance of 40 mm. The plume was studied by particle image velocimetry and Schlieren photography. The generated flow has a bi-planar topology and is characterized by both thermal and electrohydrodynamic flow. The impacts of the main parameters of the discharge are discussed, such as the pulse repetition frequency, plate distance and applied voltage. We will show how the properties at the micro-meter scale influence the generated flow.
Non thermal plasmas generated in atmospheric air are useful in many research areas. Because of the complex composition of air, the selection of useful reactions and power management are difficult challenges. Furthermore, the presence of oxygen can cause strong heating and prevent the use of a more energetic and reactive discharge such as an arc or spark for
certain applications. Nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharges [1] can overcome these disadvantages by temporal control of the discharge regime and mean electron energy. These properties can be enhanced by adding surface interactions i.e. by confining the discharge to the micrometer scale. For materials applications, several configurations for the transport of reactive species from the plasma reactor to a substrate have been studied such as jets, sprays or just by placing the substrate in contact or near the discharge [2]. The aim of this study is to confine a NRP discharge to 200 µm in atmospheric air in a pin-to-pin configuration and investigate the impact of the presence of a DC biased electrode 40 mm away from the micro-plasma. The generated flow was analyzed by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and Schlieren photography.
NRP micro-discharges were generated at atmospheric pressure in open air at room temperature between two tungsten electrodes sharpened to 280 µm radius of curvature and inclined at an angle of 45°. High voltage pulses, with 11-15 ns duration and up to 6 kV in amplitude were applied across this gap. For PIV, a laser was used to probe the flow at 16.25 kHz, with the beam shaped into a 1-mm thick laser sheet to illuminate seed particles.
The presence of the plate with an applied potential of -14 kV or 14 kV placed near (i.e. at a distance of 5 to 40 mm from the microplasma) the microplasma generates an electrohydrodynamic flow. The velocity field in one dimension is presented in figure 1. The maximum flow velocity is not positioned along the central axis of the plume. We can identify the stagnation point on the plate along the center axis. The flow is not axisymmetric because the flow field is different in the perpendicular plane. After the presentation of some properties of the microplasma, the topology of the flow will be discussed further by presenting results with temporal resolution and better spatial resolution. The transport of the reactive plasma chemical species will also be discussed.
Fig. 1. Mean velocity field obtained over 6000 snapshots, the microplasma is placed at x = 0 mm and the plate at x = 40 mm
[1] D.
Packan, Ph.D.
thesis, Stanford University, 2003. [2] D. Z. Pai, K. (Ken) Ostrikov, S. Kumar, D. A. Lacoste, I. Levchenko, and C. O. Laux, Sci. Rep.
2 77 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Stark broadening of multiple Ar I lines as a diagnostics tool for transient welding arcs containing metal vapor
M. Kühn-Kauffeldt 1 , J.-L. Marquès 2 , J. Schein 1
Institut for plasma technology and mathematics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 2 Institute for automation and control, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg
The aim of this work is to determine plasma parameters in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes by using a combination of Stark broadened 696.54 nm, 738.40 nm, 763.51 nm and 794.8 nm Ar I lines. The line widths obtained from the measurements are correlated with results of other emission spectroscopy measurement techniques and Thomson Scattering carried out in the same processes [3]. Theoretical data available in the literature is compared to the obtained dataset for Ar I lines. It is used to discuss properties of the plasma and the influence of the metal vapor in the investigated processes. Moreover the usability of these lines as a diagnostic tool for simultaneous determination of electron densities and electron temperatures with current theoretical approaches is discussed. 1. Introduction One of the most common industrial welding processes is GMAW. Due to a good process control in particular the pulsed GMAW process is interesting for industrial application. However it is not fully understood how the metal droplets and the resulting metal vapor interact in the plasma and thus influence the quality of the final join. Despite of a number of
experimental investigations and modelling of the process that have been carried out so far, there is still a need for further experimental data in order to understand the physical processes within the arc and to obtain a reliable verification of its model [4]. Especially for aluminum as wire electrode only
few emission spectroscopy investigations of electron temperature and density in the arc plasma have been carried out so far [1]. Stark broadening technique has been widely used to determine electron densities and temperatures in welding applications. Since species typically present in a welding process underlie to a quadratic Stark effect, line profiles have a temperature and electron density dependence. Thus several Stark broadened lines can be combined in order to determine temperature and density simultaneously. This method was applied in [8] using Ar I and Fe I lines. However for welding processes, where Fe is not present, this method is not applicable. Theoretical data for broadening of different Ar I lines is available in the literature [6, 5, 2]. Thus it is desirable to develop a two line Stark broadening measurement method which uses Ar lines – a shielding gas typically used in many types of welding processes. Similar approach, which uses different line of the same element, was used to determine plasma parameters in a microwave discharge by [7]. The aim of this work is to evaluate the usability of multiple Ar I lies as a diagnostic tool for plasma parameter determination in GMAW processes. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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