On phenomena in ionized gases
Download 9.74 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- O atom kinetics in CO 2 pulsed glow discharges
- Cell death Mechanism on human colorectal cancer after PAM (Plasma Activated Medium) treatment
- 2. Results
- 3. References
- On the influence of ferroelectric materials in a packed-bed DBD reactor
- References
- High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: An overview on the benefits of ultra-short pulse operating mode
2. Experimental setup Stark broadening measurements were performed on two welding processes: GTAW with Argon and GMAW aluminum. For the simultaneous fine spectral resolution of a wide spectral range an Echelle spectrometer supplied with a CCD detector (Aryelle Butterfly 400, LTB Lasertechnik Berlin) was used. The light from the plasma volume with a cross section of 1 mm is collected by a fiber optic. In order to obtain a two dimensional signal different points of the plasma column are scanned along the horizontal arc axis. 3. References [1] Sven Goecke. PhD thesis, Technische Universität Berlich, 2004. [2] H. R. Griem. Plasma spectroscopy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964. [3] M Kühn-Kauffeldt, J-L Marqués, and J Schein. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 48(1):012001, 2015. [4] A B Murphy. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43(43):434001, 2010. [5] S Pellerin, K Musiol, B Pokrzywka, and J Chapelle. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular
[6] S. Sahal-Brechot, M.S. Dimitrijevic, and Moreau N. Stark-b database. http://stark-b.obspm.fr, 2014.
[7] J. Torres, M.J. van de Sande, J.J.A.M. van der
Mullen, A. Gamero, and A. Sola. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 61(1):58 – 68, 2006. [8] S Zielinska, S Pellerin, K Dzierzega, F Valensi, K Musiol, and F Briand. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43(43):434005, 2010. Topic 6
78 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
O atom kinetics in CO 2 pulsed glow discharges
A.S. Morillo-Candas 1* , B.L.M. Klarenaar 2 , R. Engeln 2 , A. Chatterjee 1 , J-P. Booth 1 ,
T. Silva 3 , V. Guerra 3 , O. Guaitella P 1
1 Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS-Univ Paris-Sud-UPMC 91128 Palaiseau, France
Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands 3 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal *Contact e-mail: ana-sofia.morillo-candas@lpp.polytechnique.fr
O atoms play a key role in the efficiency of CO 2 plasma recycling processes because their reactions can either promote or reduce the conversion of CO 2 . We have measured the O atom density and recombination probability by means of actinometry and TALIF and compared the results with the time evolution of CO measured by FTIR spectroscopy in pulsed glow discharge.
Different strategies have emerged to deal with the excess of CO 2 emissions, whose increasing proportion in the atmosphere is the major cause of the global warming. One of these approaches is focused on CO 2 recycling, which is an initial step in building more complex organic molecules, such as energy-dense hydrocarbon fuels.
In this regard, the dissociation of CO 2 to CO, as a first step, through the so called “vibration up-pumping mechanism” is believed to be the most efficient method, especially through the excitation of the asymmetric-stretch vibrational mode of CO 2 [1].
The dissociation of CO 2 results in the production of O atoms that can recombine into O 2 , oxidize CO back into CO 2 , or on the contrary dissociate further CO 2 . O atoms therefore play a key role, beneficial or not for the efficiency of CO 2 conversion. To investigate the fundamentals of CO 2 plasma kinetics, a simple glow discharge powered with pulsed or modulated voltage is studied. This simple discharge allows to measure fundamental parameters such as the vibrational excitation of CO and CO 2 [2], the gas temperature and the electric field. This paper focuses on the measurement of O atom densities and recombination probabilities on the reactor wall and their comparison with CO production.
The temporal evolution of the different species is studied by means of time-resolved in situ FTIR spectroscopy, actinometry and TALIF. The CO 2
inner diameter and 22 cm or 64 cm length) plasma reactor. Water circulating around the reactor allows control of the wall temperature between 5-50°C. Different gas flows (up to 50 sccm), pressures (millibar range), currents (10 to 50 mA) and pulse durations (millisecond range) were investigated.
In actinometry experiments, the ratio of the intensities of O atom lines (at 777 nm and 845 nm) over Argon line at 750 nm were recorded and fitted obtaining the O atom recombination coefficient. The O atom characteristic decay time was found to be in the order of tens of milliseconds. Noticeable differences were observed in CO 2 compared to pure O 2 , especially as a function of the wall temperature. The absolute O atom density was also obtained and compared with TALIF measurements. The time evolution of the dissociation fraction (ratio of CO over (CO+CO 2 )) was determined under similar conditions by absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) and compared with the O atom density evolution. These results are analysed in light of a kinetic model [3].
4. Acknowledgments This research is conducted within the LABEX Plas@par project, and received financial state support managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, as part of the programme "Investissements d'avenir", reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. V. Guerra and T. Silva were partially supported by the Portuguese FCT, under Projects UID/FIS/50010/2013 and PTDC/FIS- PLA/1420/2014.
[1] A. Fridman (2008), Plasma Chemistry. Cambridge University Press. 259–354. [2] B.L.M. Klarenaar et al., contribution submitted to ICPIG (2017). [3] T. Silva et al., contribution submitted to ICPIG (2017).
Topic number: 3 79 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Cell death Mechanism on human colorectal cancer after PAM (Plasma Activated Medium) treatment
J. Chauvin 1,2 , F. Judée 1 , P. Vicendo 2 , N. Merbahi 1 , M.P. Rols 3 , L.Gibot 3 , M.Golzio 3 , M.
Yousfi 1
1 LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France 2 IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France 3 IPBS, CNRS, Toulouse 31000, France
Cell death mechanism was investigated on HCT116 MCTS (Multi-Cellular Tumor Spheroids) with a luminescent analysis of the cell viability by measuring the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rate in cells. A fluorescence analysis was also conducted to investigate DNA damage, cell permeabilization and caspase detection as a mean to indicate apoptosis. After a several hours in Plasma Activated Medium (PAM) cells begin to detach from the MCTS as the level of ATP decreases. This loss in ATP can be attributed to the decrease in living cells. At the same time an increase in caspase intensity is occurring as well as cell permeabilization which are characteristic of apoptosis.
1. Introduction Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas have received a growing interest in the past few years in the biomedical field and more precisely cancer treatment [1]. Recently, some studies used plasma activated medium (PAM) and have demonstrated an interesting effect on cancer cells like a decrease of cell proliferation [2], DNA damage [1] and apoptosis [3]. The main advantage of PAM is its possibility to be prepared in advance and then stored at the right temperature in order to be used later since the aqueous plasma byproducts can remain active up to several days [1]. The present work investigates the effect of PAM on HTC116 MultiCellular Tumor Spheroid and cell death mechanisms. MCTS is a model that mimics the 3D organization and the regionalization of a micro-tumor region. The medium was activated with a plasma jet based on a dielectric barrier discharge configuration excited by high voltage square pulse with a Helium gas flow fixed at 3L/min.
The present work investigates cell death mechanism occurring in human colorectal cancer tumor spheroids after PAM treatment. Fig 1 shows light images of MCTS HCT116 spheroids after PAM treatment and a cell detachment is observed between 4-6H after treatment.
Fig 1. Light Images of MCTS HCT116 after PAM treatment.
In order to understand this cell detachment, early cell death mechanism was investigated. ATP levels were quantified and a rapid decrease as soon as in the first 30 min post-treatment was observed (Fig 2).
Fig 2. Normalized ATP luminescence evolution after transfer of MCTS into PAM (Cell viability evaluated by ATP luminescence).
DNA damages were also investigated and have previously been demonstrated to be linked to the presence of hydrogen peroxide inducing this cell detachment. [1] Fluorescent analysis of cell permeabilization and apoptosis were conducted underlying apoptosis as the main cell death mechanism.
[1] F. Judée et al. Sci Rep, 22, 21421 (2016) [2]
N. Hattori et al, International Journal of Oncology, 47, 1655-1662 (2015). [3]
K. Torii et al., Gastric Cancer, 18, 635-643 (2014) 17
80 33 nd ICPIG, July 9–14, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification for electric field determination in air from FNS and SPS intensity ratio P. B´ılek 1 , A. Obrusn´ık 1 , T. Hoder 1 , M. ˇSimek 2 , Z. Bonaventura 1 1
2 Department of Pulse Plasma Systems, Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic Frequently used method for the determination of electric field in air discharges is based on the measurement of the ratio of luminous intensities emitted by radiative states of N 2 (C 3 Π u ) (second
positive system) and N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) (first negative system)[1, 2, 3]. This method is used for wide range of pressures from sea level pressures, where it is applied for example to investigation of dielectric barrier discharge, down to very low pressures at ionospheric altitudes for remote sensing of Tran- sient Luminous Events, e.g., lightnings, sprites and blue jets. It is well known that quenching rates of N
2 (C 3 Π u ) and N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) determined by various experimental methods exhibit serious discrep- ancies. Therefore we aim to investigate the impact of uncertainties in values of these rates on electric field determined from FNS/SPS intensity ratio. 1. Problem description In order to investigate densities of chemical species in air, we have implemented plasma chem- istry model, which contains 617 processes for N 2 :O
(80%:20%) mixture. Time evolution for plasma chemistry is solved in 0D for an electric field that rep- resents passage of an ionization wave at a given point. We present uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis for the kinetic scheme for resulting intensity ratio of the FNS and the SPS. This analysis is based on the Elementary Effects (EEs) method invented by Morris [4]. The EEs reveal the most important re- actions [5] at particular pressure conditions. As an example, the most important processes for FNS/SPS intensity ratio at sea level pressure are shown in ta- ble 1, figure 1 shows sensitivity plot for these con- ditions. Uncertainty quantification based on Monte Carlo methods will be applied to investigate the im- pact of uncertainties in values of rate coefficients and quenching rates on electric field determination from FNS/SPS intensity ratio. Table 1: The key reactions for the ratio FNS/ SPS. no. reaction 10 e + N
2 −→ N 2 (C 3 Π u ) + e 28 e + N
2 −→ N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) + 2e 331 N
+ 2 (B 2 Σ u ) + N 2 −→ N + 2 + N 2 23 e + N 2 −→ N + 2 + 2e 25 e + O
2 −→ O + 2 + 2e 332 N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) + O
2 −→ N
+ 2 + O + O(1S) 366 N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) + N
2 + O
2 −→ N
+ 4 + O 2 130 N
2 (C 3 Π u ) + O 2 −→ N
2 + O + O(1S) 50 e + N
+ 2 −→ N + 2 (B 2 Σ u ) + e
Figure 1: EEs for FNS and SPS ratio. 2. Acknowledgements This research has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation research project 15-04023S. 3. References [1] T. Hoder et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 045021. [2] Z. Bonaventura et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Tech- nol.
20 (2011) 035012. [3] S. Starikovskaia et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 (2010) 124007. [4] M. D. Morris, Technometrics 33 (1991) 161– 174.
[5] M. M. Turner, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2015) 015003. 81 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
On the influence of ferroelectric materials in a packed-bed DBD reactor
A. Gómez-Ramírez P 1, 2
P , R. Álvarez UP 2
, F. J. García-García 2 , A. Palmero 2 P , A. R. González- Elípe 2 , J. Cotrino 1, 2
P 1 P
Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 42022 Sevilla, Spain. P
P
This work reports a study of atmospheric pressure barrier plasmas using ferroelectric materials as packed-bed barrier instead of classical dielectrics. Electrical characterization of the discharge shows higher values of the current that increases non-linearly with the applied voltage when ferroelectrics are used. It contributes to enhance the efficiency of plasma-gas processes taking place in this kind of reactors. Due to their outstanding properties, such as high electrical permittivity, piezoelectricity or
pyroelectricity responses, applications of
ferroelectric materials are spreading across different research areas. Recently, several authors have claimed the revolutionary character of ferroelectrics for future disruptive technologies, for instance in memory storage devices, transistors or surface acoustic wave applications [1]. In the field of plasmas, ferroelectrics have been integrated in plasma actuators [2] or as barrier materials in packed-bed discharge reactors, where it was found that they contribute to enhance the process performance in different plasma gas reactions [3, 4]. Trying to shed some light into the role of ferroelectrics to promote certain chemical reactions in atmospheric pressure plasma reactors, in this work we investigate the electrical behaviour of a parallel plate packed bed barrier discharge moderated by ferroelectrics instead of classical dielectric materials. Figure 1 shows a scheme of the reactor used. It consists of two parallel electrodes separated by a packed-bed barrier, which could be constituted by barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) or lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pellets, both ferroelectrics, or by common dielectrics, as alumina or quartz. Several experiments were performed to compare the electrical response of the reactor filled with each one of these materials by varying both voltage and frequency, either in the absence or in the presence of plasma. The current through the plasma and the impedance of the whole system were analysed, and temperature was varied to check the performance of the ferroelectrics close to the Curie point. All measurements were carried out at atmospheric pressure. Results showed
a higher
current when
ferroelectrics were used, being the effect noticeable on both the frequency and the voltage domains. Furthermore, when increasing the voltage, measured current followed a strong non-linear response, which can be explained in terms of the dependence of ferroelectric permittivity with the voltage. These finding are used to explain the enhanced efficiency reported in ferroelectric packed-bed reactors operated under atmospheric pressure conditions.
Figure 1. Scheme of the DBD reactor. References [1] A.I. Khan, K. Chatterjee, B. Wang, S. Drapcho, L. You, C. Serrao, S.R. Bakaul, R. Ramesh, S. Salahuddin, Nat. Mater. 14, (2015) 182. [2] M.J. Johnson, D.B. Go, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, (2015) 264102. [3] A. Gómez-Ramírez, A.M. Montoro-Damas, M.A. Rodríguez, A.R. González-Elipe, J. Cotrino, Chem. Eng. J. 314 (2017) 311-319. [4] A. Gómez-Ramírez, J. Cotrino, R.M. Lambert, A.R. González-Elípe, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
We acknowledge financial support from Junta de Andalucía through the project P12–2265MO and from the European Regional Development Funds program (EU-FEDER) and the MINECO (project MAT2013-40852. 10
82 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Topic number: 18
I.-L. Velicu 1 ,V. Tiron 2 , G. Popa 1
1 Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi-700506, Romania 2 Research Department, Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi-700506, Romania
This work highlights the benefits of operating the HiPIMS discharge in ultra-short pulse (< 10μs) mode, with the help of a comparative analysis on the results corresponding to the topological, structural and mechanical characterization of Cu thin films deposited by dcMS and HiPIMS. Operating the HiPIMS discharge with ultra-short pulses of 3μs, in the presence of an additional magnetic field, makes it possible to grow high-quality thin films, with low RMS surface roughness, high hardness to Young’s modulus ratio, and low coefficient of friction. The additional magnetic field changes the plasma sheath’s properties, improves the ion transport towards the substrate, leading to high metal ionized flux fraction and high deposition rates.
High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS), an attractive physical vapour deposition technology, has revolutionized the abilities of mag- netron sputtering, enabling new perspectives in thin films engineering, especially due to its dense plasma and high ionization degree of sputtered material. The main aim of the present study was to make a step towards HiPIMS industrialization, trying to overcome its deposition rate drawback, which may have serious economic consequences for industrial process, to optimize its process and to enhance and tailor the properties of thin films deposited by HiPIMS / reactive-HiPIMS from a large variety of sputtering targets (Fe 73.5
Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 15.5 B 7 , Ti, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ta, W etc.). To fulfill the goal, we investigated the processes occurring at the target and substrate surface, as well as the target-to-substrate particle transport processes. Cathode voltage and current waveforms, fast imaging, tunable diode-laser induced fluorescence, tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy, time- resolved optical emission spectroscopy, time- averaged ion current of an electrical probe, energy- resolved mass spectrometry and deposition rate investigations were performed for this purpose. The results of all our studies have led to the same conclusion: operating the HiPIMS discharge with ultra-short pulses (< 10 μs) offers several remarkable benefits: (i) enhancement of deposition rate (we found that in HiPIMS assisted by an external magnetic field created with a toroidal-shaped permanent magnet placed in front of a strong balanced magnetron, for some materials, the depo- sition rate is even higher compared with the case of conventional dc magnetron sputtering) [1]; (ii) possibility to control the ionization degree which allows to tune the properties of the films (density, adhesion, hardness, friction and roughness) [2]; (iii) stoichiometry preservation in the case of films sputtered from multi-elements targets. There are a few other benefits, worth mentioning, for the reactive HiPIMS discharge as: (i) hysteresis reduction; (ii) overcoming the problems related to the transition between metal and compound mode; (iii) avoidance of electric arc development; (iv) possibility to tune the composition and structure of elemental or compound (oxides, nitrides and oxinitrides) thin films [3]. To exemplify some of these benefits, the table below presents values of deposition rate (S), fraction of ionized metal species flux (Θ), RMS surface roughness (R), average grain size (D), hardness (H), and Young’s modulus (E) corresponding to 800 nm nanocrystalline Cu thin films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) and HiPIMS operated with ultra-short pulses of 3 μs in the presence / absence of an additional magnetic field (m.f.).
(Å/s) Θ (%) R (nm)
D (nm)
H (GPa) E (GPa)
dcMS 5.8 3 12.1 11.3 2.6 119.6 HiPIMS 3.8
50 5.8
24.7 2.9
129.5 m.f.- HiPIMS 7.7 80 1.5 35.6 3.7 148.2 Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling