On phenomena in ionized gases
High-resolution laser-induced fluorescence in
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- 3. Acknowlegements
- Levitation of Dust in a Magnetised RF Plasma
- 2. Experimental Setup 2.1. Plasma Reactor
- 3. Results and Conclusions
- 4. References
- Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using a Submerged Pulsed Arc
- Diagnostics of Chemically Active Plasma of RF Capacitive-coupled Discharge in H 2
High-resolution laser-induced fluorescence in the pre-sheath of a positively biased probe
F. Skiff P P , U R. Hood
P , R. Merlino, and S. Baalrud
P
We address the general problem of precision measurements of ion distribution functions in the presheath region of a probe. The goal is to obtain sub-millimeter (Debye length) spatial resolution and bandwidth comparable to the ion-plasma frequency. Even with the large scattering cross section of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) this resolution is not possible directly because of the limited photon count rate. We report measurements of high-resolution ion flow and density profiles and explore the implementation of auto and cross-correlation functions techniques involving both LIF and small electric field probes to measure the fluctuations and ultimately the transport in the presheath region of a positively biased probe in an unmagnetized DC Argon plasma discharge.
The detailed nature of the plasma sheath continues to be a topic of intense research, being important both for understanding the plasma boundary as well as the currents collected by electric probes. In particular, the importance of instabilities that may occur in the plasma presheath is now recognized. Direct observation of these instabilities is complicated by the fact that they occur in non-uniform regions of the plasma where the relevant spatial and temporal scales are small. The goal of this work is to develop techniques for making in-situ measurements of ion distribution functions with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to enable measurement of unstable waves and their effects.
Figure 1 Experiemmental set-up.
A DC Argon gas discharge in a cylindrical multi- dipole chamber of radius 30 cm and length of 1m is outfitted with a high efficiency imaging light- collection system capable of simultaneously imaging the light from two independent LIF systems onto identical 16 element PMTs connected to a 32 channel photon counting system or to an 120 MHz acquisition system that can time-stamp the arrival of photons in each channel. A schematic of the set-up is shown in figure 1. By computing auto and
cross-correlation functions it is possible to measure power spectra with a photon statistics noise floor that can be improved by obtaining large ensemble averages. Stationary conditions are obtained by feedback control of plasma parameters. Initial results
demonstrating high
spatial resolution LIF of the ion distribution functions in the vicinity of a positively biased probe have already been obtained [1]. Preliminary results of high time resolution measurements will be presented and discussed.
Research supported by the NSF-DOE joint program on plasma science. DOE grant DESC0016473
[1] R. Hood, B. Scheiner, S. D. Baalrud, M. M. Hopkins, E. V. Barnat, B. T. Yee, R. L. Merlino, and F. Skiff, Physics of Plasmas 23, 113503 (2016).
Topic number 6 377 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Influence of water temperature on stability of three dimensional atmospheric plasma using water-dielectric multi layer electrode
T. Misawa P 1
P 1 P Dept. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Saga University
In this study, the development of discharge method using water dielectric multi layer electrode were carried out in order to improve the stability of three dimensional atmospheric discharge plasma. This electrode is composed of the glass container which include the pure water as an insulator put on the metal electrode. By the interaction between temperature dependency of the dielectric constant of the water and electric discharge, it is possible to easily generate the atmospheric pressure Ar plasma of three dimensional shape. The structure and dynamics of discharge structure of atmospheric plasma was drastically change with the increase of water temperature. This plasma is suitable for plasma treatment of three dimensional shaped objects, fruit and agricultural products.
1. Introduction The atmospheric discharge technique using the water dielectric multi layer electrode [1] can generate three dimensional shaped atmospheric plasma to which be useful for various application. In this technique, the water temperature has the important role for the phenomena of discharge (Fig.1(a)-(c)). This electrode is composed of metal electrode and glass container which involve the water. The localization of atmospheric discharge arises by un-uniformity of the electric field around the electrode surface. Then, the water around the localized discharge in the container is heated by the strong electric field, and the dielectric constant of same place decreases in comparison with neighbour area. As a result, the localized discharge is moved to the neighbour area, where the dielectric constant is larger than previous discharge place and it is easy to discharge. According to the above effect, it seems to be possible to stably generate the atmospheric plasma in the complicated shaped electrode like the flask shape (Fig.1(d)) [2]. In order to clarify the role of water temperature on atmospheric plasma generated by water dielectric multi layer electrode, the dependence of water temperature on the atmospheric discharge condition using water dielectric multi layer electrode was observed. 2. Experimental setup and discussion The experiment was carried out using coaxial water dielectric multi layer electrode using strait shaped cooling pipe with constant temperature system. The water temperature was controlled from several to 70 °C . The Ar gas (1 atm in pressure and 3 L/min in flow rate) and ac high voltage (10kHz, 9kVp-p) was applied between inner and outer electrodes. The pattern of the electric discharge along inside surface of inner glass tube was observed by exposure photographing using digital camera. The pattern of discharge changed with increase of water temperature shown in Fig.2. In the case of 1.5 °C , filamentary discharge structure was generated on the inner surface of glass tube (Fig.2(a)). With the increase of water temperature, the uniform atmospheric discharge was generated (Fig.2(b)-(d)). In the case of 70 °C , it was observed that the filamentary discharge structure moves at high speed in the inner glass tube by the high shutter speed observation of 1 [ms], and moving speed was 200-500 [mm/s]. 3. References [1] Tatsuya Misawa, Nobuya Hayashi, Japan patent JP6083093B, PCT/JP2012/079297. [2] Tatsuya Misawa, et al., Frontier of Applied Plasma Technology, Vol.6, No.1, pp.1-5(2013) (ISSN: 1883-5589). Topic number Temp. increase => decrease (c) plasma
transport E localized plasma (a)
E localized plasma Temp. increase => decrease (b) (d): 9kV
p-p Ar gas
3 L/min
Fig.1 Schematic and typical discharge of water dielectric multi layer electrode
Fig.2 Dependence of water temperature on discharge. (a): T=1.5°C, (b): T=70°C, (c): T=70°C and 1 msec. 378
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Levitation of Dust in a Magnetised RF Plasma
B. J. Harris P 1 P , U P. M. Bryant UP 1 P
P 1 P
Dust contamination in plasmas remains a significant problem in fusion machines. Obtaining the plasma parameters, in order to understand dust transport, in a magnetised plasma is a challenging problem. Preliminary results of dust levitation in a magnetised RF plasma show a variation of dust height with increasing magnetic field strength. Emissive probe measurements exhibit a rapid increase in plasma potential followed by a plateau region with increasing magnetic field. Further work, using optical imaging and dust oscillations to provide the plasma parameters and dust charge, will be presented at ICPIG.
Magnetised dusty plasmas naturally occur in space, fusion and industrial plasmas. Whether in planetary rings, tokamaks, or magnetrons, basic information about dust continues to be elusive. In ITER an estimated 1 ton of dust will be produced per year [1], reducing energy production and initiating disruptive instabilities. 2. Experimental Setup 2.1. Plasma Reactor Ar plasma is generated at 13.56 MHz in a parallel plate capacitively coupled cell. The Al chamber, 14 cm sq by 7.5 cm deep, is placed inside a uniform magnetic field (to within 0.3 %) by a Helmholtz coil. The 4 cm diameter lower driven electrode is located 4.5 cm from the upper transparent ITO grounded electrode. RF plasma is generated by a Dressler Cesar 136 supply coupled through a matching unit to the powered electrode. Melamine Formaldehyde particles (10 µm diameter) were then levitated, in the plasma, balanced by the sheath electric field and gravity.
The dust is illuminated by a laser system that generates a vertically scanning laser sheet. A 300 mW beam, 1 mm diameter at 532 nm, is enlarged to 4 mm by a beam expander. This is transformed into a laser sheet by cylindrical lenses. A system of two rotating mirrors [2] allows vertical adjustment of the laser sheet within the chamber. The light scattered by the dust particles is recorded by a Photron FASTCAM ultima APX camera. An emissive probe, with 50 µm diameter thoriated tungsten wire, was used to measure the plasma potential using the floating potential method in strong emission [3].
As shown in Figure 1 at lower pressures (2 Pa) the dust falls with increasing magnetic field. At higher pressures (6 - 10 Pa), the dust falls and then rises with increasing magnetic field. At field strengths greater than 0.04 T, the dust levitation height does not change. This seems to coincide with the plasma potential measurements, which increase up to 0.08 T and then varies weakly with magnetic field. Recently, theoretical studies have shown that a magnetic field changes the dust surface charge [4]. Furthermore, the plasma parameters and electric field are expected to change with increasing magnetic field. This will also alter the dust charge and levitation height. Further experiments using a novel line ratio imaging technique to obtain electron density and temperature maps, at different field strengths, are planned. Also, dust oscillation observations, combined with emissive probe plasma potential measurements, will be used to obtain the dust charge and electric field at different field strengths. These will be presented at ICPIG.
[1] V.N. Tsytovich et al., Physics-Uspekhi 41 (1998) 815. [2] D. Samsonov et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, (2008) 035102. [3] J.P. Sheehan et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 (2011) 063001. [4] D. Lange et al., J. Plasma Phys. 82, (2016) 905820101.
magnetic field. The plasma potential measurement at 0.25 T is not shown on the figure. 12
0 0.02
0.04 0.06
0.08 0.1
0.12 0.14
Magnetic Flux Density (T) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Height from Lower Electrode (mm) 1 W 2.2 Pa 1 W 6.3 Pa 1 W 9.6 Pa 5 W 2.2 Pa 5 W 6.3 Pa 5 W 9.6 Pa 10 W 2.2 Pa 10 W 6.3 Pa 10 W 9.6 Pa 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Plasma Potential (V) (Dotted Line) 379 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles using a Submerged Pulsed Arc
C. L. Rojo Blanco P P , S. Muhl P
P
1. General We describe the use of a submerged pulsed high- current arc of for the controllable preparation of Fe- Bi nanoparticles using Fe and Bi electrodes. The arc was produced in D.I. water and the nanoparticles were removed from the reaction chamber by the liquid flow. The nanoparticles were separated and collected depending on
their characteristics (magnetic, heavy or light). It was found that the heavy and the light nanoparticles were very similar. The structure and the morphology of the nanoparticles were studied using SEM, EDS, XRD and optical absorption. We observed an average particle size between 5 and 20 nm, a high percent of oxygen, a low percent of bismuth in the magnetic nanoparticles and no iron in the heavy and the light nanoparticles. Larger
bi-metal spheres
of approximately 1.0 micron diameter were observed that had Fe cores covered with Bi. The temporal variation of the arc was studied using a high speed Phantom camera. Both direct observation and shadowgraphy using an expanded 532nm laser were performed. The short time volume and the speed of the bubble explosion increased with the energy applied to the system, and while the volume grew linearly with time, the speed of the expansion was superlinear. Finally, longer times we observed a somewhat complicated the bubble evolution: first the bubble expanded, reached an equilibrium state, it then contracted before again expanding, and then finally it dispersed.
14 380 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
pressure glows and the role that it may play in plasma self-organization
Y. Kovach P 1 P , M.C. Garcia P 2 P , J.E. Foster P 1
P 1 P
P
P
DC atmospheric glows have attracted much interest in recent years. The origin of plasma self- organization on both metal and liquid electrodes is not well understood. These discharges with liquid electrodes can also be used to produce nanoparticles efficiently in solution. In this work, we describe electrical and spectroscopic characteristics of DC atmospheric pressure glows. A spatially resolved spectroscopic survey near the plasma-electrode interface is presented. This detailed information on gas temperature and plasma density yields insight into physical processes taking place there and provides a basis for speculation on the origin of the self-organization. The vapor cloud, which often appears around the main plasma column, is postulated to play a role in mass transport and discharge maintenance. Here, we present spectroscopic measurements of this region and comment on its composition and overall origin. Work supported by DOE DE-SC0001939.
Self-organization occurs in a variety of biological, physical, chemical, and cognitive systems. In plasma physics, self-organization is observed in phenomena ranging from plasmoid formation in low pressure, RF plasmas to large- scale, and magnetized structures observed on the surface of the sun. Of recent interest is the puzzling formation of self-organization patterns on the surface of liquid anodes in 1 ATM DC glows. Shirai [1] documented an array of such patterns over a broad parameter spaced including the variation of gap spacing, current, and sensitivity to feed gas trace oxygen concentration. While these patterns are of academic interest in regards to understanding collective phenomena, the appearance of the patterns may play an important role in the sub-surface liquid phase chemistry, driving convection and inducing thermal gradients. In many studies to date, salt water is typically used as the electrolyte in these discharges. In this current work, the effect of a different electrolyte— copper sulfate—was investigated. At similar solution conductivities and applied voltages reported previously with salt water, it was found that the self- organization patterns are markedly different. As can be seen in figure 1 which shows a side-by-side comparison between the salt-water pattern and the copper sulfate pattern. A new, complex, was also observed with CuSO 4 . What role does the electrolyte play in determining the pattern shape? This observation suggests that electrolyte ion mass or perhaps ionization state of solution ions may play a key role in determining overall pattern shape. This dependence has not previously been explored. Figure 1 depicts another interesting comparison between the salt-water solution and a copper sulfate solution for a DC glow. The transport of ions and electrons as well as the role of electrolytic species to discharge maintenance is not
well understood. What is quite apparent however both cases is the appearance of a prominent halo that
surrounds the main plasma column. Spectroscopic analysis of the halo suggests that it consists of sodium in the case of the salt electrolyte and copper in the case of the copper sulfate solution. In this case, clearly the solution ions play a role not only in electrolytic processes in solution but also apparently in the gas phase. How does the introduction of these low ionization potential species into the plasma column affect ionization there? Is penning ionization therefore an important process in discharge maintenance? The relationship between this ionic mass transport into the gas phase requires further elucidation. 2. References [1] N. Shirai, S.Uchida and F. Tochikubo, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23(2014). 3
Fig. 1 – Plasma emission clouds image with patterns at 2.2kV, 8mm gap length with 200 sccm He flow. Note: (L) NaCl solution. (R) CuSO 4 solution. 381
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Diagnostics of Chemically Active Plasma of RF Capacitive-coupled Discharge in H 2 Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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