On phenomena in ionized gases
Role of intracellular RONS in plasma-based cancer treatment
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- 2. Experimental procedure
- 5. References
- A Numerical and Experimental Study of Ion Impingement from RF Discharge on the Mirror Surface in Strong Magnetic Field
- 2. Modeling and experimental results
- 3. References
- Hydrogen low-pressure pulsed plasma: measurement of H atom decay in the post discharge
- 2. Experimental set-up and results 2.1. Experimental set-up
- Bio-relevant NO x generated by transient spark in atmospheric dry air and air with water electrospray
Role of intracellular RONS in plasma-based cancer treatment
E. Martines 1 , U P. Brun 2 , R. Artico 3 , P. Brun 4 , R. Cavazzana 1 ,
L. Cordaro 1 , G. De Masi 1 , D. Fischetto 3 , A. Zuin 5 , M. Zuin 1
1 Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Microbiology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 3 ENT Department, Civil Hospital, Cittadella (Padova), Italy 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 5 Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
We describe an in-vitro study aimed at elucidating the role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) in promoting a selective killing of cancer cells, and the possibility of emphasizing the selectivity towards cancer cells by combining the plasma treatment with the effect of a molecule known to enhance intracellular ROS production. Lung carcinoma cell lines and cultured primary cells isolated from surgical samples of laryngeal and lung cancers as well as healthy tissue counterparts were treated with an RF plasma source. An increase in the level of endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and of NO was observed, but it was markedly higher in cancer cells than in healthy ones. Incubating the cells with antimycin A (AMA), a molecule known to increase ROS production, the effect could be amplified, An increased expression of hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF)-α amd a higher apoptosis in cancer cells than in healthy ones was observed.
The mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of a low-power, atmospheric pressure plasmas as a tool for cancer treatment has been traced by several authors to the formation of intracellular Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS). In this contribution we describe an in-vitro study aimed at elucidating the role of RONS in promoting a selective killing of cancer cells.
The plasma treatment applied for this study is performed with an indirect plasma source, which uses a RF voltage to ionize a helium flow mixed with ambient air in the region between two brass grids [1]. The helium flow enriched with active chemical species is then sent to the substrate to be treated. H460, MCF7, A549 lung carcinoma cell lines were grown in DMEM medium + 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco). Primary cell cultures were established from surgical samples of laryngeal cancer and healthy counterparts. Tissue samples were dissociated with collagenase type IV (Sigma) at 37°C for 15 min. Cells were cultured in DMEM medium + 10% fetal bovine serum, and then exposed to the plasma for 2 min. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected 30 min, 4hours, and 24 hours later plasma treatment by flow cytometry. Cell death was assessed 24 hours later plasma treatment using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (eBioscience).
It has already been reported that this kind of treatment induces an increase in the level of endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in eukaryotic human cells [2]. In the present study, ROS generation was confirmed, but the increase was markedly higher in cancer cells than in healthy ones. The same effect was observed for intracellular nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, incubating the cells for 15 min. with antimycin A (10ng/mL, AMA), a molecule known to increase ROS production [3], the effect could be amplified, both for ROS and NO. The selective increase in endogenous RONS was associated to increased expression of hypoxia- inducible factor (HIF)-α, an oxygen-sensitive transcriptional activator, and to a higher apoptosis in cancer cells than of their healthy counterparts. Again, these effects were emphasized by incubating with AMA. Overall, these results point to confirm the important role played by RONS in plasma-based cancer treatment, and to the possible combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to better tailor the selective effect induced by the plasma treatment.
[1] E. Martines, M. Zuin, R. Cavazzana, et al., New J. Phys, 11 (2009) 115014. [2] Paola Brun, Surajit Pathak, Ignazio Castagliuolo,
, PLOS ONE 9 (2014) e104397. [3] W. Y. Hung, K. H. Huang, C. W. Wu, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1820 (2012) 1102.
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368 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
A Numerical and Experimental Study of Ion Impingement from RF Discharge on the Mirror Surface in Strong Magnetic Field
A.A. Kobelev P 1 P , A.S. Smirnov P 1 P , N.A. Babinov P 2
, A.M. Dmitriev P 2 P , E.E. Mukhin P 2
, and A.G. Razdobarin P 2
P 1 P
P
P
techniques against the Be-W contaminations. Ion bombardment from radio frequency (rf) discharge is promised to be the most efficient technique for remove of deposited metal films. We present a numerical study of ion transport in collisional rf sheath in presence of strong magnetic field using PIC simulation. Calculated ion flux and energy distribution functions are compared with experimental measurements for different noble gases, discharge frequencies (40 – 100 MHz), inclination angles of magnetic field lines (0 – 90 degrees) and magnetic field strength.
Thomson scattering of electromagnetic radiation is one the main methods to measure fusion plasma parameters. Based on this phenomenon, optical diagnostic system uses mirrors installed in the vacuum vessel of tokamak reactor. During the ITER tokamak operation, sputtered Be and W elements will be deposited on the mirror surface changing reflectance and measured spectra. Therefore, optical diagnostic system in ITER will require the implementation of mirror cleaning system. Ion bombardment from capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is considered to be the most promising method to remove contaminations from the mirror surface [1]. Development and optimization of plasma cleaning process requires measuring of ion flux density, ion angular and energy distribution function (IEDF). The study becomes more complicated in presence of strong external magnetic field (~ few T) inclined to the mirror surface.
Self-consistent PIC simulations of ion movement through the collisional oscillating CCP sheath were performed for noble gases (He, Ar and Ne) in presence of strong magnetic field (~ 0.9 T). Both elastic and charge exchange collisions were taken into account. Magnetic field was considered to be spatially uniform. Experimentally measured ion flux density and potential drop across the sheath were used as input parameters for PIC simulation. Experimental measurements of IEDF were performed using retarding field energy analyzer for different discharge frequencies 40 – 100 MHz at fixed discharge power. Maximal magnetic field strength was 0.9 T. As the result, we have numerically calculated ion energy and angular distribution functions, plasma sheath thickness and sputtering coefficients for different noble gases, discharge frequency 40 – 100 MHz, inclination angle 0 – 90 degrees and magnetic field strength up to 0.9 T. Simulation results have been compared with experimental measurements of IEDF and .
[1] A.G. Razdobarin et al, Nucl. Fusion. 55 (2015) 093022 (11pp).
Topic number 14 369 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Hydrogen low-pressure pulsed plasma: measurement of H atom decay in the post discharge
X. Yang, D. Kogut, J.M. Layet, G. Cartry P
P
H atom decay in the post discharge of a 10 Pa hydrogen pulsed plasma is measured by two different diagnostics, namely two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy and Pulsed Induced Fluorescence (PIF) which is a simpler method based on optical emission spectroscopy. Both methods are compared and the best one is selected to obtain the atomic hydrogen surface loss coefficient from the measurements.
Introduction
Surface loss of atomic or radical species in low- pressure plasmas is a key parameter in modelling low pressure plasmas. It has been shown that the surface loss is strongly dependent on surface state which in turn is dependent on the ion flux to the wall [2], on the ion energy, on the surface temperature, on the species impinging the wall, etc. It is therefore almost impossible to predict theoretically surface loss coefficients. Most of plasma models use published experimental results in similar conditions or fit its value to get a good agreement with experiments. The best practice is to measure the loss coefficient in-situ, if possible. This is the aim of the present work. We want to measure hydrogen atom loss coefficient on surfaces using whether two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy, or Pulsed Induced Fluorescence (PIF) which is a simpler method based on optical emission spectroscopy.
A 3 turn loop antenna is installed above a quartz plate on top of a spherical vacuum chamber. Inside the chamber a quartz tube of 160 mm in diameter and 140 mm in height is limiting the plasma extension. A sample holder is placed at the bottom of the tube and holds a quartz sample (or any material under study) of 100 mm in diameter. The plasma geometry is well defined and simplifies both calculation of loss coefficient and plasma modelling. The antenna is powered by a 13.56 MHz Dressler generator through a matchbox. The plasma is operated at 10 Pa of hydrogen or deuterium gas, with injection of 1000 W of RF power. The plasma is pulsed at 1 or 10 Hz with a duty cycle of 10%. The decay of the atomic H density vs. time in the post discharge is measured whether by TALIF or PIF. For TALIF diagnostic, two photon absorption at 205 nm excites ground state hydrogen atoms to the level n = 3. Fluorescence from the level n = 3 to the level n = 2 at 656 nm is measured using a collimating lens, an interference filter and a photomultiplier. For PIF diagnostic, H atoms are re- excited in the time post discharge by a short plasma pulse (probe pulse). The H α signal at 656 nm at the beginning of the probe pulse is assumed to be proportional to the density of the remaining atoms in the post discharge. For both diagnostics the delay between the main pulse and the laser shot or the probe pulse is varied in order to measure H atoms versus time in the post discharge. The characteristic time of atomic loss in the post discharge is correlated with the surface loss probability.
Both diagnostics give different results. While H atom density at plasma centre measured by TALIF demonstrates a mono-exponential decay in post discharge, the line integrated H density obtained by PIF demonstrates a bi-exponential decay. In order to understand this difference and to select proper measurement to get the surface loss coefficient we have developed a simple 2D fluid modelling taking into account gas heating and neutral depletion effects. The model allows detailing the difference between a line integrated signal and a measurement at plasma centre. It helps understanding the influence of gas heating on the H atom density variation in post discharge and on the diagnostics.
[1] Cartry, G., L. Magne, and G. Cernogora Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 32, n ᵒ 15 (1999): L53. [2] C. M. Samuell and C. S. Corr 2014 Journal of Nuclear Materials 451 pp 211
Topic number 8 370 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Effect of secondary electron emission on subnanosecond breakdown in high-voltage pulse discharge
I V Schweigert 1 , A L Alexandrov 1 ,
2 , M Lavrukhin 2 , P A Bokhan 2 , Dm E Zakrevsky 2
1 Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Novosibirsk, Russia 2
A subnanosecond breakdown in high-voltage pulse discharge is studied in experiment and in kinetic simulations for mid-high pressure in helium. It is shown that the characteristic time of the current growth can be controlled by the secondary electron emission. We test the influence of secondary electron yield on plasma parameters for three types of cathodes made from titanium, silicon carbide and CuAlMg-alloy. By changing the pulse voltage amplitude and gas pressure, the area of existence of subnanosecond breakdown is identified.
Recently serious attention is paid to the study of physical phenomena of subnanosecond current development in discharge plasma in super-high- electric fields at mid- and high-pressures. In this paper, in the experiment and in PIC MCC simulations we study the breakdown development in the high voltage discharge with 3 types of cathodes made from different materials. All these materials have enhanced secondary electron emission yield. Our purpose is to find a way to decrease the discharge breakdown time by testing different cathode materials and changing the gas pressure and voltage. The breakdown in the high-voltage pulse discharge in helium is studied in the experimental cell with two round cathodes with the total area of 1.6 cm2 placed 6 mm apart. A mesh-anode is placed between the cathodes. The pulse voltage is simultaneously applied to both cathodes and two oppositely directed electron beams are generated due to cathode emission. The voltage amplitude ranges from 4 kV to 12 kV and P=10-35~Torr. The cathodes are symmetrically connected to the external low-inductance circuit and the mesh-anode is grounded. The pulse shape is registered with the low-inductive resistive divider with the rate about 20:1 using oscilloscope Tektronix DPO 70804C with a bandwidth of 8 GHz. The experimental details were described in [1]. In the experiments, the cathodes made from titanium (Ti), silicon carbide (SiC), and CuAlMg alloy were tested. All these materials have large SEE coefficient γ e , but the dependence of γ e from the electron energy is different. In our simulations, we solve Boltzmann equations for electrons, ions and fast neutral atoms. Poisson equation describes the electric potential. The details of the model can be found in [2]. The effect of P on breakdown time is shown in Fig.2. The record switching time for SiC and CuAlMg- alloy is τs <0.4ns and for Ti is 4-5 times larger. In conclusion there is a specific range of discharge parameters, 5-10 kV and P=15-35 Torr, within that the record switching time τs <1 ns can be achieved.
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10 11 12 13 14 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 3 2 U, kV 1 t, ns
Fig. 1. Voltage measured (solid lines) and calculated (lines with symbols) cathodes from titanium (1), silicon carbide (2) and CuAlMg-alloy (3) for Ua=10 kV and P=25 Torr.
Fig. 2 Breakdown time via U for CuAlMg-alloy cathode for different P.
[1] Bokhan P A et al 2016 In: Generation of runaway electron beams and x-rays in high pressure gases (NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc) 221 [2] I.V. Schweigert, et al PRE, 90, 051101(R) (2014); I.V. Schweigert, et al PSST 24, 044005 (2015) Topic number 18 371
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Bio-relevant NO x generated by transient spark in atmospheric dry air and air with water electrospray
Z. Machala 1 , K. Hensel 1 , B. Tarabová 1 , M. Janda 1
P 1 P
P
Generation of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) was studied in a DC-driven self-pulsing transient spark (TS) discharge in atmospheric pressure air. The precursors of NO x production and the TS characteristics were studied by nanosecond time-resolved optical diagnostics. Thanks to the short (~20–50 ns) high current (~1 A) spark pulses, highly reactive non-equilibrium plasma is generated. The NO x production rate of ~7×10 16
molecules/J was achieved in dry air, dependent on TS repetition frequency, i.e. power, which is related to the complex frequency-dependent discharge properties and thus NO 2 /NO generating mechanisms. With water electrosprayed through the TS, gaseous NO x formation was lowered but induced chemical changes in water make it of biomedical importance.
Introduction
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) are typical by-products of air plasmas that have important bio-relevant properties, e.g. as antimicrobial (NO 2 ), physiological (NO), and anesthetics (N 2 O) agents. We studied the generation of NO and NO 2 in the transient spark (TS) discharge in atmospheric pressure air, using optical emission spectroscopy combined with the post-discharge gas composition analysis by FTIR. The TS is a DC-driven repetitive self-pulsing discharge with 20-50 ns short spark current pulses initiated by streamers, with the pulse repetition frequency 1-10 kHz [1]. It has been successfully applied for flue gas cleaning and bio- decontamination of water [2]. The air TS can be combined with the electrospray of water, which induces formation of nitrites, nitrates, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrites and demonstrates strong antibacterial properties of such plasma activated water [2].
Generation of NO x in the gas phase was studied in dry air, and in the air humidified by water electrosprayed through the discharge. The dominant stable gas phase products in dry air were nitrogen oxides, while ozone was not detected (<10 ppm detection limit). NO formation steeply increases with the discharge power, as shown in Fig. 1. The sum of NO and NO 2 concentration >400 ppm was achieved with power input below 6 W. The highest NO x (NO + NO 2 ) generation rate achieved was around 7×10 16 molecules/J [3]. Due to their easy dissolution in the water and possibly also due to the discharge cooling by water and thus decreased NO x
x densities were found lower in air humidified by the water electrospray (Fig. 1).
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