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Uzbek writers
Uzbek literature, the body of written works produced by the Uzbek people of Central Asia, most of whom live in Uzbekistan, with smaller populations in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Although its roots stretch as far back as the 9th century, modern Uzbek literature traces its origins in large part to Chagatai literature a body of works written in the Turkic literary language of Chagatai. The earliest works of Chagatai literature date from the 14th century but remain easily accessible to readers of the modern Uzbek language. Modern Uzbek has today assumed the role once held by Chagatai, which all but vanished by the early 20th century, of being the reference language for Turkic historical and literary works in Central Asia.
The Classical Period
Uzbek literature’s classical period lasted from the 9th to the second half of the 19th century. During that period numerous literary works were produced, often under the patronage of Turkic emperors, kings, sultans, and emirs. The best-known patrons of the Turkic literature of the historical region known as Turkistan—which includes what is today Uzbekistan as well as a number of surrounding countries—include the Qarakhanids (10th–13th centuries); such Timurids (14th–16th centuries) as Timur (Tamerlane), Shahrukh, Ulūgh Beg, Ḥusayn Bayqarah, and Bābur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India; and ʿUmar Khan, a 19th-century ruler of the khanate of Kokand.
From the 10th to the 12th century, Uzbek written literature migrated from a Turkic script to an Arabic one. This transition opened Uzbek writers to the influence of Arabic literature; the result was that Uzbek literature underwent extensive changes as it adopted many of the forms and some of the language of Arabic poetry and prose. Works from this period include Yusuf Khass Hajib’s Kutudgu bilig (“Knowledge Which Leads to Happiness”; Eng. trans. The Wisdom of Royal Glory, written in 1069–70; Mahmud Kashgari’s Diwan lughat al-Turk Compendium of the Turkic Dialects, compiled in 1072–74; and Ahmad Yugnaki’s 12th-century Hibat al-haqaʾiq “Gift to Truths”, poem.
Among the other Central Asian poets who had a lasting influence on Uzbek literature is Ahmed Yesevi, a 12th-century religious poet who was a follower of the great Sufi leader Yūsuf Hamadhānī. Ahmed Yesevi’s poems—collected as Divan-i hikmet “Book of Wisdom”—constituted a new  of Central Asian Turkic literature: a religious folk poetry. He used a popular vernacular that borrowed little Arabic and Persian and that featured a Turkic syllabic metre.
Chagatai—which would eventually evolve into modern Uzbek—assumed its classical shape in the works of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī, an outstanding thinker and great poet as well as a famous literary patron of his time. He was also a statesman and a prominent member of the court of the sultan Ḥusayn Bayqarah. Navāʾī’s influence on the Turkic writers of Central Asia—and especially on Uzbek writers—cannot be overestimated. Among his four divans, which contain tens of thousands of lines of lyrical verse written in Chagatai, are examples of almost every literary genre practiced during the 14th and 15th centuries. He also wrote ghazals in Persian under the name Fāni. Navāʾī’s important works include Lisān ul-tayr “The Language of the Birds”), a mystical masnawi poem in couplets) completed in 1498; Majālis-i nefaʾīs 1491; “The Exquisite Assemblies”, a prose work in which Navāʾī gave brief descriptions of the major poets of the 14th and 15th centuries; and Mizan al-awzan 1498; “The Balance of Metres”, a treatise on the Turkic prosodic system. He was also the author of a number of historical and scientific treatises, the most important of which is Muhakamat al-lughatayn 1499; “Judgment on Two Languages”, which compares the relative merits of the Persian and Chagatai languages.
Bābur, a prince of the Timurid dynasty who was crowned as king of the principality of Fergana now in Uzbekistan at age 12 and was the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, was also an outstanding Chagatai poet and writer. One of the most attractive works not only in Chagatai literature but in Central Asian literature and historiography as a whole is his memoir, the Bābur-nāmeh, written during the 16th century in clear and refined Chagatai prose.
From the 17th through the 19th century Uzbek literature developed separately in the three independent Uzbek khanates, two of which had been founded in the 15th century Bukhara and Khiva Khwārezm and the third in the mid-18th centur Kokand. In Bukhara the most famous poets were Mujrim Obid, one of the best lyric poets of the late 18th and early 19th century; Turdī, a follower of Navāʾī who wrote Sufi poems, although the character and motif of his poems later changed when he began writing poems that were socially engaged; and Sayido Nasafi. Abū al-Ghāzī Bahādur, a 17th-century khan of Khiva, wrote on the history of the Uzbeks, Turkmen, Kazakhs, and Karakalpaks. He played an important role in preserving many of these peoples’ folk legends, tales, proverbs, and sayings.