Option 1 Definitions of management

2.Definition of organizational structure
The term "organization" comes from the French word "organisation" and in the most general form means the structure, arrangement of something. In management, this concept is usually used to refer to a set of people, groups, united to achieve some goal using the principles of division of labor, division of duties and on the basis of a certain structure.The term "structure" is Latin origin and denotes the location and connection of the constituent parts of something. In management theory, the phrase “organizational structure" is most often used to refer to the internal structure of organizations, the totality of relationships between departments and members of organizations, social communities.The organizational structure in the management system has a skeletal value, the backbone of the organization. It reflects the level of socio-economic development of the subject of management, the degree of technical and technological maturity, forms of organization of production and other objective signs of the development of the object and subject of management, its philosophy and strategy.Organizational structure defines the manner in which the roles, power, authority, and responsibilities are assigned and governed, and depicts how information flows between the different levels of hierarchy in an organization.Every organization has its own typical management structure that defines and governs the relationships between the various employees, the tasks that they perform, and the roles, responsibilities and authority provided to carry out different tasks.The existence of an organizational structure is due, first of all, to the need for a vertical division of labor, i.e. separation of coordination work from the direct execution of tasks in order to ensure successful group work. An important aspect of the organizational structure is the scope of control - i.e. the number of subordinates who report directly to the manager.
Option 26
1.Levels of managers according to the degree of management.
Management levels are the divisions between degrees of authority and responsibility in a company. The typical management levels are top-level management, mid-level management and first-line management. These levels determine the duties of various manager positions, including who they report to and who reports to them. Each management level focuses on different aspects of a company's growth, success and employee satisfaction.Top-level managers.Top-level, or administrative, managers oversee the direction of an entire company. These managers confirm that the company is meeting its long-term goals and growing at a steady pace. Their primary goals are typically to create a successful company that maximizes profit and has an excellent reputation. Top-level managers have the highest level of responsibility, authority and control in a company but often take suggestions or listen to concerns from other employees. The primary duties of top-level managers involve developing business plans, setting goals and keeping contact with external businesses.Mid-level managers. Mid-level managers, sometimes called executory managers, execute the plans of top-level management and direct first-line managers and other employees. They are the connection between the administrative level and everyone else, and these managers often take information from top-level managers to discuss or teach to employees. The purpose of midlevel managers is to operate branches of a company to ensure the employees of each branch understand the overall goals they are trying to achieve. Typical duties include executing top-level plans, guiding first-line managers with advice and completing group performance evaluations.First-line managers. First-line, or supervisory, managers report to mid-level managers and support the smallest divisions of a company, like sections within a branch or specific groups of employees. These managers interpret instructions from mid-level managers to help them direct their teams successfully and contribute to the growth of the company. First-line managers also listen to employee concerns and discuss them with mid-level management, who may take the concerns to top-level management. Many first-line managers perform duties like assigning tasks to their employees, maintaining the quality of production and supervising daily activities.