Option 1 Definitions of management

Оption number 17
1.Theory X and Y.
In 1960, Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals (employees):1.one of which is negative, called as Theory X and 2.the other is positive, so called as Theory Y According to McGregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions. Assumptions of Theory X*An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible. *Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or warned with punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is required on part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style.*Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/ ambition.*Employees generally dislike responsibilities.*Employees resist change.*An average employee needs formal direction.Assumptions of Theory Y*Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs.*Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives.*If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees’ loyalty and commitment to organization.*An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility. In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility.*The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve organizational problems.
2.The concept and role of the information system in management
Management Information Systems (MIS) is the study of people, technology, organizations, and the relationships among them. MIS professionals help firms realize maximum benefit from investment in personnel, equipment, and business processes. MIS is a people-oriented field with an emphasis on service through technology. If you have an interest in technology and have the desire to use technology to improve people’s lives, a degree in MIS may be for you. Information systems managers, or IT managers, are responsible for the secure and effective operation of all computer systems, related applications, hardware and software that is used within a wide range of public and private sector organisations. In business, management information systems (or information management systems) are tools used to support processes, operations, intelligence, and IT. MIS tools move data and manage information. They are the core of the information management discipline and are often considered the first systems of the information age. MIS produce data-driven reports that help businesses make the right decisions at the right time. While MIS overlaps with other business disciplines, there are some differences:---Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): This discipline ensures that all departmental systems are integrated. MIS uses those connected systems to access data to create reports. ---IT Management: This department oversees the installation and maintenance of hardware and software that are parts of the MIS. The distinction between the two has always been fuzzy.---E-commerce: E-commerce activity provides data that the MIS uses. In turn, the MIS reports based on this data affect e-commerce processes.