Option 1 Definitions of management

Оption number 19
1.Definitions of management
Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims. Management is defined as the process by which a co-operative group directs actions towards common goals.Management has been defined in many ways. A simple definition is “the activity of using resources in an efficient and effective way so that the end product is worth more than the initial resources”. This simple definition has the advantage that it focuses upon the crucial role of management to transform inputs into outputs of greater value. However, the simple definition has a drawback- it is too inclusive. Management is the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve a goal. Such administration activities include setting the organization’s strategy and coordinating the efforts of staff to accomplish these objectives through the application of available resources. Management can also refer to the seniority structure of staff members within an organization.To be an effective manager, you’ll need to develop a set of skills, including planning, communication, organization and leadership. You will also need extensive knowledge of the company’s goals and how to direct employees, sales and other operations to accomplish them. Management skills are abilities that enable a professional to lead a team, department or company effectively. Hard skills are technical competencies that relate to specific programs or areas of expertise. For example, if you're a software engineer, one of your hard skills may be proficiency in a certain programming language.As a manager, it's important to develop these kinds of abilities so you can effectively guide others in honing the same skills.In contrast, soft skills have more broad applications. They typically relate to interpersonal interactions and communication or personal development in the workplace.
2.Scientific school of management
Scientific management, also often known as Taylorism, is a management theory first advocated by Federick W. Taylor. In 1911 Frederick Winslow Taylor published his monograph “The Principles of Scientific Management.” Taylor argued that flaws in a given work process could be scientifically solved through improved management methods and that the best way to increase labor productivity was to optimize the manner in which the work was done. Taylor’s methods for improving worker productivity can still be seen today at companies, in modern militaries, and even in the world of professional sports. Scientific management, also often known as Taylorism, is a management theory first advocated by Federick W. Taylor. It uses scientific methods to analyze the most efficient production process in order to increase productivity. Taylor’s scientific management theory argued it was the job of workplace managers to develop the proper production system for achieving economic efficiency. Although the terms “scientific management” and “Taylorism” are commonly used interchangeably, it would be more precise to say that Taylorism was the first form of scientific management.Frederick Taylor devised the following four scientific management principles that are still relevant to this day:1. Select methods based on science, not “rule of thumb.” Rather than allowing each individual worker the freedom to use their own “rule of thumb” method to complete a task, you should instead use the scientific method to determine the “one best way” to do the job.2. Assign workers jobs based on their aptitudes. Instead of randomly assigning workers to any open job, assess which ones are most capable of each specific job and train them to work at peak efficiency.3. Monitor worker performance. Assess your workers’ efficiency and provide additional instruction when necessary to guarantee they are working productively.4. Properly divide the workload between managers and workers. Managers should plan and train, while workers should implement what they’ve been trained to do.