Option 1 The essence and content of the term philosophy

40-option
1.Subject and object of the science of logic.
The subject of the science of logic is reasoning and argumentation, while the object is the study of the principles and rules involved in valid inference and deduction. It aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the nature of thinking, language, concepts, and knowledge, as well as the methods and criteria for evaluating arguments and claims. Logic is essential for critical thinking and problem-solving in many fields, including philosophy, mathematics, computer science, linguistics, psychology, and law.

The subject of the science of logic is the study of reasoning and arguments. It aims to understand how we can arrive at valid conclusions from premises, and to identify the rules that govern correct reasoning. The object of logic is the universe of thought, meaning all the concepts, ideas, and propositions that can be expressed in language.

There are two main branches of logic: formal and dialectical. Formal logic is concerned with the structure of arguments and their validity, whereas dialectical logic focuses on how arguments can be used to explore different perspectives and arrive at new insights.
Overall, the science of logic plays a critical role in many fields, including philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. By providing a rigorous framework for evaluating arguments and reasoning processes, it helps us make more informed decisions and better understand complex phenomena.
2.What is ontology?
Key words: Existence, non-existence, presence, Wolff, matter, attribute, consciousness, movement, space, time, perception
Ontology is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence, reality, and being. It seeks to understand how entities or things exist, what they are made of, their properties, relationships, and categories. In computer science, ontology refers to the formal representation of knowledge in a structured and organized way, using concepts, classes, attributes, and relationships, to enable efficient information retrieval and sharing among different systems and applications.

1)Existence refers to the state or fact of being alive, present, or in existence.

2)Non-existence refers to the absence of something that does not exist.
Presence refers to the state of being present or in a particular place.
3)Wolff is a German philosopher who contributed to the fields of logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind.
4)Matter refers to the physical substance that makes up everything in the universe.
5)Attribute refers to a characteristic or feature of an object or entity that helps describe or define it.
6)Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.
7)Movement refers to the act of changing position, location, or posture.
8)Space refers to the three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur.
9)Time refers to the sequence of events in the past, present, and future.
10)Perception refers to the process by which individuals interpret sensory information from their environment.