Organika Benzol halqasidagi orientasiya: 1-tur o`rinbosar
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2 1.Katod-Me
2 ,Br
2 3.eritma-Suv 3 F - ,NO 2 - ,NO 3 - ,ClO - ,ClO 2 - , ClO 3 - ,ClO 4 - ,MnO 4 - ,SO 4 -2 , SO 3 -2 ,CO
3 -2 ,PO 4 -3 ,SiO 3 -2 , CH 3 COO -
2
2
4 1.Katod-Me+H 2
2
2
A)Tuz: kislorodsiz 2NaCl→Na+Cl 2
2 CO 3 →4K+2CO 2 +O 2
B)Asos: 4NaOH→4Na+2H 2 O+O
2
V)Kislota: 2H 2 SO 4 →2H 2 +2SO 3 +O 2 1.CaCl 2 +2H 2 O→H
2 +Ca(OH)
2 +Cl
2
3 +6H
2 O→2Cr+3H
2 +2Cr(OH)
3 +6Br
2
2 +H
O→Hg+H 2 O+Cl 2
3 +H
O→H 2 +NaCO 3 +O 2 5.Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 +6H 2 O→3Zn+3H 2 +2H
3 PO 4 +3O 2
6.2CuCO 3 +2H 2 O→2Cu+2H
2 CO 3 +O 2
2 O→2H
2 +O 2 +NaOH Kislota: H 2 SO 4 +H 2 O→2H 2 +O 2 +H 2 SO 4 2HCl+H 2 O→H
2 +Cl
2 +H 2 O Malekulyar Suyuqlanish va qaynash harorati past. Termik beqaror. Suvda erimaydi yoki kam eriydi. Elektr tokini o`tqazmaydi. Organik moddalar,inert gazlar.Muz, quruq muz CO
2 , J,F
2 ,Cl
2 ,Br
2 ,J 2 ,H 2 ,O 2 ,O 3, N 2 ,P 4 ,S 8 Atom Suyuqlanish va qaynash harorati juda yuqori. Mustahkam va qattiq. Suyuqliklarda deyarli erimaydi. Bog`lanish energiyasi yuqori. Olmos, grafit, karbin, Si,SiO 2, Ge, B,TiO 2 , SiC Ion Suyuqlanish harorati yuqori, kam uchuvchan, qattiqligi yuqori, Qutbli erituvchilarda(suvda) yaxshi eriydi. Suyuqlanmasi va eritmasi elektr tokini o`tqazadi Matal oksidlari-Na 2 O,K 2 O Tuzlari-KCl,NaBr Ishqorlar- NaOH,KOH Metall Qattiq holda elektr toki va issiqlikni yaxshi o`tqazadi. Suyuqlanish va qaynash harorati yuqori Simobdan tashqari barcha metallar va qotishmalar
Reaksiyalar tasnifi Ajralish: 2KMnO
4 →K 2 MnO 4 +MnO 2 ↓+O
2 ↑ Birikish: HCl+NH 3 →NH 4 Cl
O`rin olish: Pb(NO
3 ) 2 +Zn→Zn(NO 3 ) 2 +Pb↓
Almashnish: CaCl
2 +2AgNO
3 →Ca(NO
3 ) 2 +2AgCl↓ Malekulalararo:
Ichki malekulyar: Disproporsiya:
Sinproporsiya: Cu 0 +4HN +5 O 3(kons) →Cu +2 (NO 3 ) 2 +2N +4 O 2 +2H
2 O 3Cu 0 +8HN
+5 O 3(suyul) →3Cu +2 (NO 3 ) 2 +2N +2 O+4H 2 O 2KCl +5 O 3 -2 (kt-li)
→2KCl -1 +3O 2 0
4KCl +5 O 3(kt-siz) →KCl
-1 +3KCl
+7 O 4 Cl 2 0 +2KOH (sovuq)
→KCl +1 O+KCl -1 +H 2 O 3Cl
2 0 +6KOH (issiq) →KCl
+5 O 3 +5KCl -1 +3H 2 O N -3 H 4 N +3 O 2 →N 2 0 +2H
2 O N -3 H 4 N +5 O 3 →N 2 +1 O+2H
2 O
Formulasi Zarrachalar 1. α-yemirilish: 2.
– β-yemirilish: 3. +
4. e-yadroga qulashi: 5. Bombardimon
Z
E→ Z-2
A-4 E+
2 4 α 0 1 n→ -1 0
β + 1 1 p 1 1 p→ +1 0 β +
0 1 n 1 1 p+ -1 0
e → 0 1 n Z A E+X(n,p,e,He)→Y+Z 90 232 Th→ 88 228 Ra+ 2 4 He 93 239 Np→ 94 239 Pu+ -1 0 e 27 55 Co→ 26 55 Fe+ +1 0 e 19 40 K+ -1 0 e→ 18 40 Ar 13 27 Al+ 2 4 He→ 15 30 P+ 0 1 n
Proton Neytron Pozitron Elektron α-zarracha γ-zarracha p n + β -β α γ
1 1 p 0 1 n +1 0 e -1 0
e 2 4 He 0 0 γ
1.deyarli barcha tuzlar NaCl,KNO 3,
CaSO 4 , 2.ishqorlar LiOH,NaOH,KOH, Ba(OH)
2 , Sr(OH)
2 , 3.kislotalar HCl,HNO 3 ,H 2 SO 4 ,HClO 4 Kuchsiz elektrolit: 3% > α 1.organik moddalar HCOOH,CH 3 COOH, C
2 H 5 COOH, C 3 H 7 COOH
2.erimaydigan asoslar Fe(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Al(OH)
3 , Cu(OH) 2 ,NH
4 OH,Mg(OH) 2 , Zn(OH)
2
3.kislotalar H 2 S,HNO
2 ,H 2 SO 3 ,H 2 CO 3 , H 3 AsO 4 , HClO 3 ,HClO
2 ,HCN,H
3 BO 3 Ortacha kuchli elektrolit: 30% > α > 3% 1.kislota H 3 PO
, HF 2.asos Ca(OH) 2
Asoslik-kamayadi HAt Dissotsiyalanish-ortadi Qaytaruvchilik- ortadi
MnO,Mn 2 O
,MnO 2 ,Mn 2 O 5 ,MnO 3 ,Mn 2 O 7 ,
N 2 O 5 Kislotalik - kamayadi BeO P
2 O 5 Asoslik - ortadi MgO As
2 O 5 CaO Sb
2 O 5 SrO Bi
2 O 5 BaO Na 2 O,MgO,Al
2 O 3, SiO 2 ,P 2 O 5 ,SO 3 ,Cl 2 O 7 NaH, MgH 2 , AlH 3 , SiH 4 , PH 3 , H 2 S, HCl
kamayadi bog`qutbliligi kamayadi DAVR VA GURUXLAR (ortib borish) Eletromanfiylik Atom radius Bog` barqarorligi Bog`lanish energiya Ionlanish potensiali t 0 -suyuq,qaynash →↑
←↓ →↑
→↑ →↑
→↓ Oksidlovchilik Qaytaruchanlik Metallik Metalmaslik Kislotalik Asoslik
CO 2 ,NCl 3 ,SO 3 ,CH
4 ,C(CH
3 ) 4 ,C 2 H 2 ,C 6 H 6 ,CS 2 ,CCl
4, BeCl
2 ,BH
3 , BCl 3 ,SiF
4 ,PF
5 ,WF
6 ,C 2 N 2 , Allotropiya . C-grafit,olmos,karbin,felluren P-oq,qora,qizil O-kislorod,ozon S-plastik,monosiklik,rombik,amorf Sn-alfa,betta Se- alfa,betta Fe- alfa,betta,gamma,delta Te- alfa,betta Kons mol/l pH 1
0,1 0,01
0,001 0,0001
0,00001 0,000001 0,0000001 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Uzunlik Maydon Hajm Ogìrlik 1km=1000m 1m=10dm 1dm=10sm 1sm=10mm 1gek=10000m 2 1m
2 =100dm
2 1dm
2 =100sm
2 1sm
2 =100mm
2 1m
3 =1000dm
3
1dm 3 (litr)=1000sm 3
3 (ml)=1000mm 3 1T=1000 kg 1kg=1000 gr 1gr=1000 mg Indikator Neytral(H2O) Ishqoriy(OH - ) Kislotali(H + ) Lakmus binafsha ko`k qizil
Metil zarg` to`q sariq sariq
qirmizi Fenolftalein rangsiz Pushti rangsiz
sp 3
0 28
2.piramida 107 0 3
CH 4 ,CHCl 3 ,SiO
2 , NH
4 + ,CCl 4 ,SiCl
4 ,P 2 O 5 ,SO 4 -2 ,SO 3 -2 , PO 4 -3 SiC, SiO 3 -2 ,BH 4 - ,ClO 4 - ,olmos NH 3 ,H 3 O + ,AsH
3 ,PH
3 ,PCl
3
F 2 O,HOCl,H
2 S,H
2 Se ,H
2 O sp 2 1.yassi uchburchak 120 0 2.burchakli BCl 3 ,BF 3 ,AlCl
3 ,GaF
3 ,C 2 H 4 ,C 6 H 6 ,SO 3 ,grafit NO 2 ,SO 2 ,CO
3 -2 , sp 1.chiziqli 180 0 BeCl
2 ,BeF
2 ,CO
2 ,BaCl
2 ,CS
2 ,C 2 H 2 ,HgCl 2 ,HCN, karbin sp 3
1.bipiramida 2.chiziqli PCl 5
5 , ASF
5
XeF sp 3 d 2
1.oktaedr SF 6 ,XeF 4 ,K 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ],K3[Fe(CN) 6 ] (H + ) →Mn
+2 (rangsiz eritma) MnO 4
(H 2 O) →MnO 2 (qo`ngìr cho`kma) (OH - ) →MnO 4 -2 (yashil eritma) (H + ) →H
2 O H 2 O 2 (H 2 O) → 2OH
- (OH - ) →H
2 O+O
2
(Li-Mg)→MeNO 2 +O 2 MeNO
3
(Mg-Cu)→MeO+NO 2 +O 2 (Cu-Au)→Me+NO 2 +O
Cr
2 O 7 -2 →
→2Cr +3
→ (OH-) →2CrO
4 -2
(qovoq) (yashil) (sariq)
3 +3C+S →K
2 S+N
2 +3CO
2 TUZLAR GIDROLIZI Kucli asos: Li + ,Na + ,K + ,Rb
+ , Cs + ,Ca
+2 ,Sr
+2 ,Ba
+2 Kucsiz asos: NH 4 + ,Be
+2 ,Mg
+2 ,Al
+3 ,Mn
+2 ,Zn
+2 ,Cr
+3 ,Fe
+3 , Cd +2 ,Ni
+2 ,Sn
+2 ,Pb
+2 ,Sb
+2 ,Bi
+3 ,Cu
+2 ,Ag
+ ,
Cl -
- ,J - ,NO 3 - ,SO 4 -2 ,ClO 2 - , ClO
3 - , ClO 4 - ,MnO 4 - Gidrolizlanmaydi neytral muhit pH=7 (H 2 O) Lakmus rangi o`zgarmaydi Kation hisobiga gidrolizlanadi kislotali muhit pH<7 (H + ) Lakmus rangi qizaradi (Qaytar gidroliz) Kuchsiz kislota: F - ,CN - ,ClO - ,NO
2 - ,S -2 , SO 3 -2 ,CO 3 -2 ,SiO 3 -2 ,PO 4 -3 , CrO 4 -2 ,CH 3 COO - Anion hisobiga gidrolizlanadi ishqoriy muhit pH>7 (OH - ) Lakmus rangi ko`karadi (Qaytar gidroliz)
Ham kation, ham anion hisobiga gidrolizlanadi neytral muhit pH=7 (H 2 O) Lakmus rangi o`zgarmaydi (Qaytmas gidroliz) Faqat oksidlovchi:H 2 SO 4 ,Na
2 SO 4 ,SO 3 ,K 2 SO 4 ,HMnO 4 ,KMnO 4 ,Mn
2 O 7 ,HNO 3 ,KClO 4 ,CrO
3 ,PbO
2 ,H 2 SeO 4 ,K 2 CrO
4 K 2 CrO 7 ,F 2 ,FeCl
3 Faqat qaytaruvchi:metallar,NH 3 ,H 2 S,Na
2 S,PH
3 ,HGal,CH
4 Ham oksidlovchi,ham qaytaruvchi:NO 2 ,HNO 2 ,SO
2 ,H 2 SO 3 ,S,CO,H 2 O 2 Kuchli oksidlovchilar:F 2 ,O 2 ,O 3 ,Cl 2 ,HClO,HClO 3 ,H 2 SO 4(kons),
HNO 3 ,HNO 3 +3HCl(zar suvi),NO 2 ,KMnO
4 ,MnO
2 ,K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ,CrO
3 ,PbO
2
2 ,Br
2 ,SO
2 ,HNO
2 ,FeCl
3
2 ,HJ,KJ,HBr,NaBr,H 2 S, K
2 S,NH
3 ,PH
3 ,HPO
3 ,C,CO,FeCl 2 ,CrJ
2
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