Основы теоретической грамматики английского языка

LANGUAGE IS A SYSTEM OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION. 
Speech is the realization of the system of language in the process of humane intercourse. 
Grammar connects language with speech because it determines the process of utterance 
formation through grammatical categories.
The two fundamental types of relations between linguistic units are syntagmatic and 
paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations are linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. 
Words are syntagmatically connected within any sentence and morphemes are always 
syntagmatically connected within words. 
Relations opposed to syntagmatic are called paradigmatic. They are intrasystemic 
relations which find their expression in the fact that each linguistic unit is included in a set of 
similar units with common formal and functional properties, e.g. a set of related grammatical 
forms realises the grammatical category of number of the nouns. These forms make up 
grammatical paradigms. 
 
HIERARCHY OF LEVELS WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE 
 This approach was worked out by the school of descriptive linguistics and the Soviet 
school. 

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The theory claims that units of any higher level are formed of units of the immediately 
lower level. Thus phrases are decomposed into words, words into morphemes, morphemes into 
phonemes. 
The scheme is as follows: 
Supraphrasal unit > text > proposemic level (predicative units) > phrasemic level 
 lexemic level (nominative units) > morphemic level (elementary meaningful unit) 
 phonemic level (differential unit) 
Predication shows the relation of the denoted event to reality. SPU is made up of 
sentences or, occasionally, a sentence. Text is the main lingual unit. 
There are two levels which are of most importance: 
- 
the one of words, because they are units of nomination 
- 
the one of sentences since they are units of predication. 
The main parts of grammar are morphology and syntax. Morphology deals with the 
morphemic structure: classification and combinability of words. It faces two units: morphemes 
and words. 
As to syntax, it deals with the structure, classification and combinability of sentences.